{"OUTPUTFILE":"C:\\Apache24\\htdocs\\scilmi\\cache\\glossary/glossary-h1-en.txt","ENTRIES":[{"KEYWORD":"Algorithms","EXCERPTS":["An algorithm is a sequence of instructions, automatically executed by a computer (UNESCO, 2017). It input into output by performing calculations, sorting or classifying data, making decisions, or automating repetitive tasks. 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items"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-generative-ai-systems","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Generative AI Systems","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Creation, Circulation","EXCERPTS":["### → Source Credibility & Information Reliability"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-creation-circulation-reception","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Creation, Circulation & Reception","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Reception","EXCERPTS":["### → Source Credibility & Information Reliability"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-creation-circulation-reception","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Creation, Circulation & Reception","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"→ Source Credibility","EXCERPTS":["### → Information Visibility"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-source-credibility-information-reliability","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"→ Source Credibility & Information Reliability","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Information Reliability","EXCERPTS":["### → Information Visibility"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-source-credibility-information-reliability","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"→ Source Credibility & Information Reliability","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"→ Information Visibility","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-information-visibility","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"→ Information Visibility","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Print","EXCERPTS":["Printed materials — such as newspapers, magazines, books, brochures, flyers, posters, or signage — that are physically distributed, displayed, or made available for reading."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-print-publications","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Print / Publications","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Publications","EXCERPTS":["Printed materials — such as newspapers, magazines, books, brochures, flyers, posters, or signage — that are physically distributed, displayed, or made available for reading."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-print-publications","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Print / Publications","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Broadcast","EXCERPTS":["Audio or audiovisual information transmitted to a wide audience through radio, television, screens, or public address systems — either as scheduled programming or as continuous / situational announcements."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-broadcast-public-address","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Broadcast & Public Address","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Public Address","EXCERPTS":["Audio or audiovisual information transmitted to a wide audience through radio, television, screens, or public address systems — either as scheduled programming or as continuous / situational announcements."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-broadcast-public-address","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Broadcast & Public Address","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Installations, Monuments","EXCERPTS":["Spatial, static, and typically permanent or semi-permanent objects, structures, or displays placed in public or institutional spaces to inform, commemorate, or express."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-installations-monuments-exhibits","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Installations, Monuments & Exhibits","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Exhibits","EXCERPTS":["Spatial, static, and typically permanent or semi-permanent objects, structures, or displays placed in public or institutional spaces to inform, commemorate, or express."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-installations-monuments-exhibits","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Installations, Monuments & Exhibits","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Live Events","EXCERPTS":["Time-bound, live gatherings or actions involving people — organised to inform, persuade, express, commemorate, or mobilise."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-live-events-public-action","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Live Events & Public Action","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Public Action","EXCERPTS":["Time-bound, live gatherings or actions involving people — organised to inform, persuade, express, commemorate, or mobilise."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-live-events-public-action","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Live Events & Public Action","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Personal Conversations","EXCERPTS":["Direct, face-to-face exchange of information between individuals — in private, social, or professional settings."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-personal-conversations-word-of-mouth","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Personal Conversations & Word of Mouth","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Word of Mouth","EXCERPTS":["Direct, face-to-face exchange of information between individuals — in private, social, or professional settings."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-personal-conversations-word-of-mouth","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Personal Conversations & Word of Mouth","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Websites","EXCERPTS":["An individual's or organisation's own online space — such as an institutional website, a news site, a company page, or a personal blog — where content is published directly in the owner's name."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-websites-blogs","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Websites / Blogs","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Blogs","EXCERPTS":["An individual's or organisation's own online space — such as an institutional website, a news site, a company page, or a personal blog — where content is published directly in the owner's name."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-websites-blogs","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Websites / Blogs","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Social Media","EXCERPTS":["Networked digital spaces where users and organisations post, share, and circulate content."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-social-media","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Social Media","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Video","EXCERPTS":["Digital spaces where many different users or organisations upload and share video or audio content."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-video-audio-platforms","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Video / Audio Platforms","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Audio Platforms","EXCERPTS":["Digital spaces where many different users or organisations upload and share video or audio content."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-video-audio-platforms","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Video / Audio Platforms","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Financial barriers","EXCERPTS":["\\- Paywalls- Subscription fees- Premium memberships"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-financial-barriers","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Financial barriers","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Language barriers","EXCERPTS":["\\- Foreign language- Academic or technical vocabulary- Complex sentence structures"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-language-barriers","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Language barriers","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Disability-related barriers","EXCERPTS":["\\- No screen reader support- No captions or transcripts- Low contrast or small text"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-disability-related-barriers","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Disability-related barriers","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Technical barriers","EXCERPTS":["\\- High bandwidth requirements- Modern devices needed- Specific software or apps"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-technical-barriers","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Technical barriers","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Geographic barriers","EXCERPTS":["\\- Region locks- Local platform restrictions"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-geographic-barriers","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Geographic barriers","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Political","EXCERPTS":["\\- Government censorship- Government bans on platforms or apps- Sanctions or embargoes"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-political-regulatory-barriers","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Political / regulatory barriers","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"regulatory barriers","EXCERPTS":["\\- Government censorship- Government bans on platforms or apps- Sanctions or embargoes"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-political-regulatory-barriers","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Political / regulatory barriers","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Account","EXCERPTS":["\\- Mandatory account creation- Identity verification- Age verification"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-account-identification-barriers","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Account & identification barriers","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"identification barriers","EXCERPTS":["\\- Mandatory account creation- Identity verification- Age verification"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-account-identification-barriers","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Account & identification barriers","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Privacy-related barriers","EXCERPTS":["\\- Mandatory data sharing- Tracking requirements- Required app permissions"],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-privacy-related-barriers","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Privacy-related barriers","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Search Engines","EXCERPTS":["Systems that index and rank information items across the web based on user queries."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-search-engines","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Search Engines","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Scholarly Databases","EXCERPTS":["Systems that make scholarly information items searchable and accessible through search, filtering, and structured metadata."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-scholarly-databases","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Scholarly Databases","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Feeds","EXCERPTS":["Systems that present a continuous, personalised stream of recommended information items based on topics, interests, or user behaviour."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-feeds","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Feeds","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Directories","EXCERPTS":["Systems that organise information items into browsable catalogues with categories, charts, and recommendations."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-directories","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Directories","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Training-data based AI","EXCERPTS":["Systems that generate responses based on patterns learned during training, without real-time retrieval from external sources."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-training-data-based-ai","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"Training-data based AI","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"**RAG\\* AI**","EXCERPTS":["Systems that synthesise responses by retrieving relevant content from external sources at query time — from the open web or from a user-provided corpus."],"SLUG":"information-information-environments-lm5pjW1xga","ANCHORID":"scilmi-rag\\-ai","SOURCETYPE":"h3-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":2,"SECTIONTITLE":"**RAG\\* AI**","TITLE":"Information & Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Information Visibility","EXCERPTS":["Information visibility refers to whether — and how prominently — specific information items are encountered by users in digital environments. Information that exists in a platform's index or network does not automatically reach all users, nor reach them in the same way."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-information-visibility-prominence","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Information Visibility & Prominence","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Prominence","EXCERPTS":["Information visibility refers to whether — and how prominently — specific information items are encountered by users in digital environments. Information that exists in a platform's index or network does not automatically reach all users, nor reach them in the same way."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-information-visibility-prominence","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Information Visibility & Prominence","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"visible","EXCERPTS":["Information visibility refers to whether — and how prominently — specific information items are encountered by users in digital environments. Information that exists in a platform's index or network does not automatically reach all users, nor reach them in the same way."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-information-visibility-prominence","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Information Visibility & Prominence","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"information prominence","EXCERPTS":["Information visibility refers to whether — and how prominently — specific information items are encountered by users in digital environments. Information that exists in a platform's index or network does not automatically reach all users, nor reach them in the same way."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-information-visibility-prominence","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Information Visibility & Prominence","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Visibility Phenomena","EXCERPTS":["The phenomena below are the concrete outcomes that decide what an individual user actually encounters."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-visibility-phenomena","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Visibility Phenomena","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"visibility phenomenon","EXCERPTS":["The phenomena below are the concrete outcomes that decide what an individual user actually encounters."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-visibility-phenomena","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Visibility Phenomena","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"User Activity","EXCERPTS":["User activity covers everything a user or actor does that bears on what becomes visible. Five types matter here, each the trigger of one of the phenomena above:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-activity","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User Activity","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"interaction","EXCERPTS":["User activity covers everything a user or actor does that bears on what becomes visible. Five types matter here, each the trigger of one of the phenomena above:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-activity","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User Activity","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"user interaction","EXCERPTS":["User activity covers everything a user or actor does that bears on what becomes visible. Five types matter here, each the trigger of one of the phenomena above:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-activity","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User Activity","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"activities","EXCERPTS":["User activity covers everything a user or actor does that bears on what becomes visible. Five types matter here, each the trigger of one of the phenomena above:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-activity","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User Activity","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Actors","EXCERPTS":["An actor is any entity involved in handling information, independent of any particular information environment: a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot or an algorithm)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-actors","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Actors","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"actor","EXCERPTS":["An actor is any entity involved in handling information, independent of any particular information environment: a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot or an algorithm)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-actors","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Actors","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Users","EXCERPTS":["A user is any actor that acts within information environments, as a content creator, a content distributor, or a content recipient. A user need not be a person; it can also be an organisation or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-users","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Users","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"user","EXCERPTS":["A user is any actor that acts within information environments, as a content creator, a content distributor, or a content recipient. A user need not be a person; it can also be an organisation or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-users","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Users","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Bots","EXCERPTS":["A bot is a computer programme that automatically performs tasks, often repetitive ones. Bots range from"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-bots","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Bots","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"bot","EXCERPTS":["A bot is a computer programme that automatically performs tasks, often repetitive ones. Bots range from"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-bots","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Bots","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Environment Selection","EXCERPTS":["Environment selection is the user's own choice of which information environments to use and whom to follow within them. Among the five user activities, it is the one the user controls most directly: no platform mechanism sits between the choice and its outcome. The other activities feed rocesses the user cannot contro…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-environment-selection","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Environment Selection","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Echo Chamber","EXCERPTS":["An echo chamber is a social structure in which a user is primarily exposed to opinions, claims, or viewpoints that reinforce their existing beliefs, while dissenting viewpoints are absent, dismissed, or actively discredited."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-echo-chamber","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Echo Chamber","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"echo chambers","EXCERPTS":["An echo chamber is a social structure in which a user is primarily exposed to opinions, claims, or viewpoints that reinforce their existing beliefs, while dissenting viewpoints are absent, dismissed, or actively discredited."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-echo-chamber","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Echo Chamber","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Confirmation Bias","EXCERPTS":["Environment selection is partly driven by confirmation bias, the cognitive tendency to seek out and trust information and sources that align with existing beliefs. The reinforcing effect comes from the social structure itself, not from invisible algorithmic filtering."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-confirmation-bias","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Confirmation Bias","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Epistemic Bubble","EXCERPTS":["C. Thi Nguyen (2020) draws a conceptual distinction that matters for intervention:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-epistemic-bubble","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Epistemic Bubble","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"epistemic bubbles","EXCERPTS":["C. Thi Nguyen (2020) draws a conceptual distinction that matters for intervention:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-epistemic-bubble","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Epistemic Bubble","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Account","EXCERPTS":["An account is a user's identity within a digital information environment, the profile through which they post, share, and interact. Behind it stands a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot). Traditionally, the source of an information item was a named author, identifiable as its originator."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-account","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Account","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"accounts","EXCERPTS":["An account is a user's identity within a digital information environment, the profile through which they post, share, and interact. Behind it stands a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot). Traditionally, the source of an information item was a named author, identifiable as its originator."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-account","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Account","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Username","EXCERPTS":["A username is a unique account identifier chosen by the user when registering on a platform; no two accounts on the same platform can share one. Depending on the platform it works as a login credential, a public profile identifier, or both."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-username","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Username","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"usernames","EXCERPTS":["A username is a unique account identifier chosen by the user when registering on a platform; no two accounts on the same platform can share one. Depending on the platform it works as a login credential, a public profile identifier, or both."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-username","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Username","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Handle","EXCERPTS":["A handle is the public form of a username on a social media platform: the identifier under which an account can be found, addressed, and mentioned, usually shown with an @ symbol and appearing in the profile URL. On most platforms, the handle and the username are identical; a few, such as Facebook, keep a separate use…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-handle","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Handle","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"handles","EXCERPTS":["A handle is the public form of a username on a social media platform: the identifier under which an account can be found, addressed, and mentioned, usually shown with an @ symbol and appearing in the profile URL. On most platforms, the handle and the username are identical; a few, such as Facebook, keep a separate use…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-handle","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Handle","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Display Name","EXCERPTS":["A display name is the visible label shown on a profile and beside posts. It is freely chosen, may contain spaces and special characters, and need not be unique, so many accounts can carry the same one. It cannot be used to identify or address an account."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-display-name","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Display Name","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"display names","EXCERPTS":["A display name is the visible label shown on a profile and beside posts. It is freely chosen, may contain spaces and special characters, and need not be unique, so many accounts can carry the same one. It cannot be used to identify or address an account."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-display-name","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Display Name","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"User ID","EXCERPTS":["A user ID is the internal identifier a platform assigns to an account, typically numeric. It is not chosen by the user and normally stays fixed even when the username or display name changes. Platforms use it internally rather than for public addressing."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-id","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User ID","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"user ids","EXCERPTS":["A user ID is the internal identifier a platform assigns to an account, typically numeric. It is not chosen by the user and normally stays fixed even when the username or display name changes. Platforms use it internally rather than for public addressing."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-id","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User ID","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"userid","EXCERPTS":["A user ID is the internal identifier a platform assigns to an account, typically numeric. It is not chosen by the user and normally stays fixed even when the username or display name changes. Platforms use it internally rather than for public addressing."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-id","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User ID","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"userids","EXCERPTS":["A user ID is the internal identifier a platform assigns to an account, typically numeric. It is not chosen by the user and normally stays fixed even when the username or display name changes. Platforms use it internally rather than for public addressing."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-id","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User ID","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Mention","EXCERPTS":["A mention is the act of referring to an account by typing @ followed by its handle in a post, comment, caption, or message. It usually notifies the account and links to its profile. The @ string is the handle; using it is the mention."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-mention-@mention","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Mention / @Mention","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"@Mention","EXCERPTS":["A mention is the act of referring to an account by typing @ followed by its handle in a post, comment, caption, or message. It usually notifies the account and links to its profile. The @ string is the handle; using it is the mention."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-mention-@mention","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Mention / @Mention","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"mentinmentions","EXCERPTS":["A mention is the act of referring to an account by typing @ followed by its handle in a post, comment, caption, or message. It usually notifies the account and links to its profile. The @ string is the handle; using it is the mention."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-mention-@mention","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Mention / @Mention","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"@mentions","EXCERPTS":["A mention is the act of referring to an account by typing @ followed by its handle in a post, comment, caption, or message. It usually notifies the account and links to its profile. The @ string is the handle; using it is the mention."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-mention-@mention","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Mention / @Mention","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Account Reach","EXCERPTS":["Several factors determine the number of users or recipients an account can potentially reach when posting or sharing an information item:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-account-reach","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Account Reach","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"reach","EXCERPTS":["Several factors determine the number of users or recipients an account can potentially reach when posting or sharing an information item:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-account-reach","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Account Reach","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"reaches","EXCERPTS":["Several factors determine the number of users or recipients an account can potentially reach when posting or sharing an information item:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-account-reach","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Account Reach","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"reached","EXCERPTS":["Several factors determine the number of users or recipients an account can potentially reach when posting or sharing an information item:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-account-reach","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Account Reach","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Engagement","EXCERPTS":["Engagement covers all user actions, i.e. everything a user deliberately does in an information environment, from taking content in, through responding to it, to producing their own. Adapting the COBRA model (Muntinga, Moorman & Smit, 2011), these actions fall into three ascending levels: consumption, contribution, and…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-engagement","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Engagement","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"user action","EXCERPTS":["Engagement covers all user actions, i.e. everything a user deliberately does in an information environment, from taking content in, through responding to it, to producing their own. Adapting the COBRA model (Muntinga, Moorman & Smit, 2011), these actions fall into three ascending levels: consumption, contribution, and…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-engagement","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Engagement","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"user actions","EXCERPTS":["Engagement covers all user actions, i.e. everything a user deliberately does in an information environment, from taking content in, through responding to it, to producing their own. Adapting the COBRA model (Muntinga, Moorman & Smit, 2011), these actions fall into three ascending levels: consumption, contribution, and…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-engagement","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Engagement","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Filter Bubble","EXCERPTS":["A filter bubble is a state of informational isolation produced by algorithmic personalisation, in which a user is increasingly exposed to content that aligns with their inferred preferences and past engagement, while content that diverges may be filtered out, typically without the user's awareness."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-filter-bubble","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Filter Bubble","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"filter bubbles","EXCERPTS":["A filter bubble is a state of informational isolation produced by algorithmic personalisation, in which a user is increasingly exposed to content that aligns with their inferred preferences and past engagement, while content that diverges may be filtered out, typically without the user's awareness."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-filter-bubble","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Filter Bubble","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Circulation: Posting","EXCERPTS":["Once an information item has been created, posting brings it into an information environment for the first time: its creator posts, sends, publishes, or broadcasts it. This initial publication is distinct from re-circulation, where an existing item is passed on by others."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-circulation:-posting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Circulation: Posting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"circulation","EXCERPTS":["Once an information item has been created, posting brings it into an information environment for the first time: its creator posts, sends, publishes, or broadcasts it. This initial publication is distinct from re-circulation, where an existing item is passed on by others."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-circulation:-posting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Circulation: Posting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"post","EXCERPTS":["Once an information item has been created, posting brings it into an information environment for the first time: its creator posts, sends, publishes, or broadcasts it. This initial publication is distinct from re-circulation, where an existing item is passed on by others."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-circulation:-posting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Circulation: Posting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"posts","EXCERPTS":["Once an information item has been created, posting brings it into an information environment for the first time: its creator posts, sends, publishes, or broadcasts it. This initial publication is distinct from re-circulation, where an existing item is passed on by others."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-circulation:-posting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Circulation: Posting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"posting","EXCERPTS":["Once an information item has been created, posting brings it into an information environment for the first time: its creator posts, sends, publishes, or broadcasts it. This initial publication is distinct from re-circulation, where an existing item is passed on by others."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-circulation:-posting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Circulation: Posting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"posted","EXCERPTS":["Once an information item has been created, posting brings it into an information environment for the first time: its creator posts, sends, publishes, or broadcasts it. This initial publication is distinct from re-circulation, where an existing item is passed on by others."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-circulation:-posting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Circulation: Posting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Trending","EXCERPTS":["Trending is a platform-assigned status that indicates that a topic or hashtag is attracting a sudden surge of user activity within a short time, across the many separate posts that address it or carry it. What counts is the rate of increase, not the overall volume."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-trending","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Trending","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"trend","EXCERPTS":["Trending is a platform-assigned status that indicates that a topic or hashtag is attracting a sudden surge of user activity within a short time, across the many separate posts that address it or carry it. What counts is the rate of increase, not the overall volume."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-trending","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Trending","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"trends","EXCERPTS":["Trending is a platform-assigned status that indicates that a topic or hashtag is attracting a sudden surge of user activity within a short time, across the many separate posts that address it or carry it. What counts is the rate of increase, not the overall volume."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-trending","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Trending","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Hashtag","EXCERPTS":["A hashtag is a keyword or phrase marked with a # symbol and written without spaces. It links a post to every other post carrying the same label, turning scattered contributions into a searchable group around a shared topic."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-hashtag","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Hashtag","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"hashtags","EXCERPTS":["A hashtag is a keyword or phrase marked with a # symbol and written without spaces. It links a post to every other post carrying the same label, turning scattered contributions into a searchable group around a shared topic."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-hashtag","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Hashtag","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"re-circulation","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"recirculation","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"recirculate","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"recirculates","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"recirculated","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"share","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"forward","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"repost","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"shares","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"forwards","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"reposts","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"shared","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"forwarded","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"reposted","EXCERPTS":["Accounts pass existing information items on by sharing, forwarding, linking, reposting, or otherwise recirculating them. Each account is operated by a person, an organisation, or automated software (a bot)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-circulation:-sharing-forwarding-reposting","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Circulation: Sharing, Forwarding, Reposting","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Virality","EXCERPTS":["Virality is the phenomenon by which a single information item spreads rapidly through re-circulation, much as a virus propagates: users share or repost it, others pass it on in turn, and the resulting engagement raises its ranking, surfacing it to still more accounts (→ algorithmic amplification)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-virality","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Virality","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"viral","EXCERPTS":["Virality is the phenomenon by which a single information item spreads rapidly through re-circulation, much as a virus propagates: users share or repost it, others pass it on in turn, and the resulting engagement raises its ranking, surfacing it to still more accounts (→ algorithmic amplification)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-virality","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Virality","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Virality vs. Trending","EXCERPTS":["Both virality and trending can emerge organically, be pushed by coordinated actors (→ coordinated amplification), or be shaped by the platform's own curation. Both also tend to favour emotionally arousing, morally charged, or divisive content, especially in political or conflict-oriented contexts."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-virality-vs-trending","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Virality vs. Trending","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"re-creation","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"recreation","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"re-create","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"re-creates","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"re-created","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"re-creating","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"quotes","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"edits","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"remixes","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"quoted","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"edited","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"remixed","EXCERPTS":["A user or actor re-creates an existing information item as a new, derived one by quoting, commenting on, editing, summarising, remixing, reframing, or embedding it in a new context. Unlike re-circulation, which passes the same item on unchanged, re-creation produces a new information item with a new author. That autho…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-re-creation:-quoting-editing-remixing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Re-Creation: Quoting, Editing, Remixing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Spill-Over Effect","EXCERPTS":["The spill-over effect is the phenomenon by which the same information comes to appear across more than one information environment, reaching audiences beyond its origin. It arises through cross-environment diffusion, when re-creation carries information across a boundary: an actor turns the content of one information …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-spill-over-effect","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Spill-Over Effect","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"diffusion","EXCERPTS":["The spill-over effect is the phenomenon by which the same information comes to appear across more than one information environment, reaching audiences beyond its origin. It arises through cross-environment diffusion, when re-creation carries information across a boundary: an actor turns the content of one information …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-spill-over-effect","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Spill-Over Effect","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"cross-environment diffusion","EXCERPTS":["The spill-over effect is the phenomenon by which the same information comes to appear across more than one information environment, reaching audiences beyond its origin. It arises through cross-environment diffusion, when re-creation carries information across a boundary: an actor turns the content of one information …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-spill-over-effect","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Spill-Over Effect","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"spill-over","EXCERPTS":["The spill-over effect is the phenomenon by which the same information comes to appear across more than one information environment, reaching audiences beyond its origin. It arises through cross-environment diffusion, when re-creation carries information across a boundary: an actor turns the content of one information …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-spill-over-effect","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Spill-Over Effect","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"spillover","EXCERPTS":["The spill-over effect is the phenomenon by which the same information comes to appear across more than one information environment, reaching audiences beyond its origin. It arises through cross-environment diffusion, when re-creation carries information across a boundary: an actor turns the content of one information …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-spill-over-effect","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Spill-Over Effect","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"spills over","EXCERPTS":["The spill-over effect is the phenomenon by which the same information comes to appear across more than one information environment, reaching audiences beyond its origin. It arises through cross-environment diffusion, when re-creation carries information across a boundary: an actor turns the content of one information …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-spill-over-effect","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Spill-Over Effect","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"spilled over","EXCERPTS":["The spill-over effect is the phenomenon by which the same information comes to appear across more than one information environment, reaching audiences beyond its origin. It arises through cross-environment diffusion, when re-creation carries information across a boundary: an actor turns the content of one information …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-spill-over-effect","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Spill-Over Effect","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Epistemic Laundering","EXCERPTS":["Epistemic laundering is a specific effect of cross-environment diffusion. It occurs when the secondary source is considered more credible than the original one, for example when a claim from an anonymous post reappears in a formal publication or a peer-reviewed paper. The information then tends to seem more reliable p…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-epistemic-laundering","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Epistemic Laundering","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Gatekeeping","EXCERPTS":["In its broadest definition, gatekeeping is the overarching process of controlling which information is selected and framed into information items that reach people (Shoemaker & Vos, 2009). In this sense, it covers both the formation of an information item and its passage to an audience."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-gatekeeping","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Gatekeeping","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"gate-keeping","EXCERPTS":["In its broadest definition, gatekeeping is the overarching process of controlling which information is selected and framed into information items that reach people (Shoemaker & Vos, 2009). In this sense, it covers both the formation of an information item and its passage to an audience."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-gatekeeping","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Gatekeeping","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Pre-Publication Editorial Review","EXCERPTS":["For many decades, editorial review was the standard process in information environments with a traditional editorial structure, where journalists, editors, and publishers decided which items were published and which were not ==(Shoemaker & Vos, 2009)==. Where no editorial structure exists, this pre-publication gate is…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-pre-publication-editorial-review","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Pre-Publication Editorial Review","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Post-Publication Gatekeeping","EXCERPTS":["After publication, gatekeeping operates in two ordered steps:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-post-publication-gatekeeping","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Post-Publication Gatekeeping","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Inclusion: Crawling","EXCERPTS":["Information access systems crawl the web and decide which existing information items they capture and make available, either for display (→ search systems, → discovery systems) or for processing (→ generative AI systems)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-inclusion:-crawling-indexing","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Inclusion: Crawling & Indexing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Indexing","EXCERPTS":["Information access systems crawl the web and decide which existing information items they capture and make available, either for display (→ search systems, → discovery systems) or for processing (→ generative AI systems)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-inclusion:-crawling-indexing","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Inclusion: Crawling & Indexing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"crawl","EXCERPTS":["Information access systems crawl the web and decide which existing information items they capture and make available, either for display (→ search systems, → discovery systems) or for processing (→ generative AI systems)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-inclusion:-crawling-indexing","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Inclusion: Crawling & Indexing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Exclusion: Filtering","EXCERPTS":["Because the inclusion gate is open in digital information channels & platforms, where users post directly, filtering and content moderation happen after publication in a second step. Information items in the platform are checked against platform policies and, if necessary, removed or blocked. Information access system…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-exclusion:-filtering-content-moderation","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Exclusion: Filtering & Content Moderation","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Content Moderation","EXCERPTS":["Because the inclusion gate is open in digital information channels & platforms, where users post directly, filtering and content moderation happen after publication in a second step. Information items in the platform are checked against platform policies and, if necessary, removed or blocked. Information access system…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-exclusion:-filtering-content-moderation","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Exclusion: Filtering & Content Moderation","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Source-Driven Self-Promotion","EXCERPTS":["Sources — content creators, publishers, advertisers, and website operators — actively promote their information items to reach audiences."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-source-driven-self-promotion","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Source-Driven Self-Promotion","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Direct Addressing","EXCERPTS":["Direct addressing is a hybrid targeting strategy: it is mostly triggered by humans, but also exploits platform infrastructure (notification systems, algorithmic curation)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-direct-addressing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Direct Addressing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Immediate Notification for the Targeted User","EXCERPTS":["The targeted user receives the information item directly via notification, regardless of whether they would otherwise have encountered it through their feed."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-immediate-notification-for-the-targeted-user","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Immediate Notification for the Targeted User","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"notification","EXCERPTS":["The targeted user receives the information item directly via notification, regardless of whether they would otherwise have encountered it through their feed."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-immediate-notification-for-the-targeted-user","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Immediate Notification for the Targeted User","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"notifications","EXCERPTS":["The targeted user receives the information item directly via notification, regardless of whether they would otherwise have encountered it through their feed."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-immediate-notification-for-the-targeted-user","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Immediate Notification for the Targeted User","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Indirect Reach via Targeted Account’s Network","EXCERPTS":["When high-reach accounts are addressed, the information item can spread beyond the original notification:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-indirect-reach-via-targeted-accounts-network","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Indirect Reach via Targeted Account’s Network","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Content Adaptation to Platform Ranking Systems","EXCERPTS":["Sources adapt their content, metadata, and structure to fit the ranking criteria of the platforms on which they seek visibility — without paying for placement."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-content-adaptation-to-platform-ranking-systems","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Content Adaptation to Platform Ranking Systems","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"platform ranking system","EXCERPTS":["Sources adapt their content, metadata, and structure to fit the ranking criteria of the platforms on which they seek visibility — without paying for placement."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-content-adaptation-to-platform-ranking-systems","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Content Adaptation to Platform Ranking Systems","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"platform ranking systems","EXCERPTS":["Sources adapt their content, metadata, and structure to fit the ranking criteria of the platforms on which they seek visibility — without paying for placement."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-content-adaptation-to-platform-ranking-systems","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Content Adaptation to Platform Ranking Systems","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"content adaptation to platform ranking system","EXCERPTS":["Sources adapt their content, metadata, and structure to fit the ranking criteria of the platforms on which they seek visibility — without paying for placement."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-content-adaptation-to-platform-ranking-systems","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Content Adaptation to Platform Ranking Systems","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"content adaptation","EXCERPTS":["Sources adapt their content, metadata, and structure to fit the ranking criteria of the platforms on which they seek visibility — without paying for placement."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-content-adaptation-to-platform-ranking-systems","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Content Adaptation to Platform Ranking Systems","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Search Engine Optimisation (SEO","EXCERPTS":["SEO refers to source-side practices that adapt websites — their content, metadata, and link structure — so that they rank more prominently in general-purpose search engine results (Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, etc.)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-search-engine-optimisation-seo","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Search Engine Optimisation (SEO)","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"search engine optimisation","EXCERPTS":["SEO refers to source-side practices that adapt websites — their content, metadata, and link structure — so that they rank more prominently in general-purpose search engine results (Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, etc.)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-search-engine-optimisation-seo","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Search Engine Optimisation (SEO)","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"SEO Practices","EXCERPTS":["SEO does not change how search engines rank pages, it adapts the website to fit existing ranking criteria. Sources can shape what the algorithm sees, not how it decides."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-seo-practices","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"SEO Practices","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"SEO practice","EXCERPTS":["SEO does not change how search engines rank pages, it adapts the website to fit existing ranking criteria. Sources can shape what the algorithm sees, not how it decides."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-seo-practices","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"SEO Practices","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"search engine optimisation practice","EXCERPTS":["SEO does not change how search engines rank pages, it adapts the website to fit existing ranking criteria. Sources can shape what the algorithm sees, not how it decides."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-seo-practices","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"SEO Practices","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"search engine optimisation practices","EXCERPTS":["SEO does not change how search engines rank pages, it adapts the website to fit existing ranking criteria. Sources can shape what the algorithm sees, not how it decides."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-seo-practices","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"SEO Practices","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Social Media Optimisation (SMO","EXCERPTS":["SMO refers to source-side practices to maximise visibility, engagement, and shareability of content on social media platforms."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-social-media-optimisation-smo","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Social Media Optimisation (SMO)","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"social media optimisation","EXCERPTS":["SMO refers to source-side practices to maximise visibility, engagement, and shareability of content on social media platforms."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-social-media-optimisation-smo","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Social Media Optimisation (SMO)","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"social media optimisations","EXCERPTS":["SMO refers to source-side practices to maximise visibility, engagement, and shareability of content on social media platforms."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-social-media-optimisation-smo","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Social Media Optimisation (SMO)","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"SMO Practices","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-smo-practices","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"SMO Practices","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"SMO practice","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-smo-practices","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"SMO Practices","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"social media optimisation practices","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-smo-practices","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"SMO Practices","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"social media optimisation practice","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-smo-practices","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"SMO Practices","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Platform-Specific Optimisation","EXCERPTS":["Beyond general SEO and SMO strategies, each platform follows its own ranking logic and content conventions, requiring tailored optimisation strategies."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-platform-specific-optimisation","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Platform-Specific Optimisation","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"platform-specific optimisations","EXCERPTS":["Beyond general SEO and SMO strategies, each platform follows its own ranking logic and content conventions, requiring tailored optimisation strategies."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-platform-specific-optimisation","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Platform-Specific Optimisation","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Platform-Specific Optimisation Strategies","EXCERPTS":["Platform-specific optimisation requires understanding each platform's ranking system, audience behaviour, and content format preferences. What works on TikTok rarely works on LinkedIn."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-platform-specific-optimisation-strategies","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Platform-Specific Optimisation Strategies","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"platform-specific optimisation strategy","EXCERPTS":["Platform-specific optimisation requires understanding each platform's ranking system, audience behaviour, and content format preferences. What works on TikTok rarely works on LinkedIn."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-platform-specific-optimisation-strategies","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Platform-Specific Optimisation Strategies","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Paid Visibility","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-paid-visibility","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Paid Visibility","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Influencer Partnerships","EXCERPTS":["Influencer partnerships are paid collaborations in which sources commission individuals with high account reach to promote their information items."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-influencer-partnerships","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Influencer Partnerships","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"influencer partnership","EXCERPTS":["Influencer partnerships are paid collaborations in which sources commission individuals with high account reach to promote their information items."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-influencer-partnerships","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Influencer Partnerships","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"influencer","EXCERPTS":["Influencer partnerships are paid collaborations in which sources commission individuals with high account reach to promote their information items."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-influencer-partnerships","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Influencer Partnerships","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"influencers","EXCERPTS":["Influencer partnerships are paid collaborations in which sources commission individuals with high account reach to promote their information items."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-influencer-partnerships","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Influencer Partnerships","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Paid Placements","EXCERPTS":["Paid placements are a source-side practice of paying platforms directly for visibility."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-paid-placements","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Paid Placements","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"paid placement","EXCERPTS":["Paid placements are a source-side practice of paying platforms directly for visibility."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-paid-placements","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Paid Placements","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"ads","EXCERPTS":["Paid placements are a source-side practice of paying platforms directly for visibility."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-paid-placements","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Paid Placements","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"ad","EXCERPTS":["Paid placements are a source-side practice of paying platforms directly for visibility."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-paid-placements","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Paid Placements","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"advertisements","EXCERPTS":["Paid placements are a source-side practice of paying platforms directly for visibility."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-paid-placements","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Paid Placements","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"sponsored content","EXCERPTS":["Paid placements are a source-side practice of paying platforms directly for visibility."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-paid-placements","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Paid Placements","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Platform-Side Curation","EXCERPTS":["Platform-side curation is the platform’s own shaping of how prominently information items appear. It operates in two modes:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-platform-side-curation","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Platform-Side Curation","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Post-Publication Editorial Curation","EXCERPTS":["Editorial curation, i.e. human editors or platform operators deliberately featuring selected items, plays only a minor role today: on most large digital platforms, prominence is determined overwhelmingly by algorithms."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-post-publication-editorial-curation","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Post-Publication Editorial Curation","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Algorithmic Curation","EXCERPTS":["Algorithmic curation is the algorithmic selection, ranking, and presentation of available information items. It shapes how prominently they appear, not whether they are available at all (→ gatekeeping)."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-algorithmic-curation","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Algorithmic Curation","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"User reidentification","EXCERPTS":["The platform recognises a returning user by one of three means, which differ in reach and persistence:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-reidentification","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User reidentification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"User Signals","EXCERPTS":["User signals are the data a platform tracks about a user to personalise the selection and visibility of information items. Many are generated as users select, interact with, respond to, or create items. Not all come from deliberate acts such as clicking or liking; some come from less deliberate behaviour, such as how …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-signals","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User Signals","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"tracked signals","EXCERPTS":["User signals are the data a platform tracks about a user to personalise the selection and visibility of information items. Many are generated as users select, interact with, respond to, or create items. Not all come from deliberate acts such as clicking or liking; some come from less deliberate behaviour, such as how …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-signals","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User Signals","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"tracked user signals","EXCERPTS":["User signals are the data a platform tracks about a user to personalise the selection and visibility of information items. Many are generated as users select, interact with, respond to, or create items. Not all come from deliberate acts such as clicking or liking; some come from less deliberate behaviour, such as how …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-signals","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User Signals","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"tracked signal","EXCERPTS":["User signals are the data a platform tracks about a user to personalise the selection and visibility of information items. Many are generated as users select, interact with, respond to, or create items. Not all come from deliberate acts such as clicking or liking; some come from less deliberate behaviour, such as how …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-signals","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User Signals","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"tracked user signal","EXCERPTS":["User signals are the data a platform tracks about a user to personalise the selection and visibility of information items. Many are generated as users select, interact with, respond to, or create items. Not all come from deliberate acts such as clicking or liking; some come from less deliberate behaviour, such as how …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-signals","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User Signals","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"user signal","EXCERPTS":["User signals are the data a platform tracks about a user to personalise the selection and visibility of information items. Many are generated as users select, interact with, respond to, or create items. Not all come from deliberate acts such as clicking or liking; some come from less deliberate behaviour, such as how …"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-user-signals","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"User Signals","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Non-Personalised Algorithmic Curation","EXCERPTS":["Non-personalised algorithmic curation applies the same logic to every user, independent of who is searching or scrolling. It operates through two principal operations:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-non-personalised-algorithmic-curation","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Non-Personalised Algorithmic Curation","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Ranking","EXCERPTS":["Ranking arranges available information items into a ranked list, placing some higher and others lower on the visibility scale. The order is determined by ranking signals, typically combined rather than applied in isolation:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-ranking","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Ranking","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"rank","EXCERPTS":["Ranking arranges available information items into a ranked list, placing some higher and others lower on the visibility scale. The order is determined by ranking signals, typically combined rather than applied in isolation:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-ranking","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Ranking","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"order","EXCERPTS":["Ranking arranges available information items into a ranked list, placing some higher and others lower on the visibility scale. The order is determined by ranking signals, typically combined rather than applied in isolation:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-ranking","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Ranking","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"rankings","EXCERPTS":["Ranking arranges available information items into a ranked list, placing some higher and others lower on the visibility scale. The order is determined by ranking signals, typically combined rather than applied in isolation:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-ranking","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Ranking","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"ordering","EXCERPTS":["Ranking arranges available information items into a ranked list, placing some higher and others lower on the visibility scale. The order is determined by ranking signals, typically combined rather than applied in isolation:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-ranking","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Ranking","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Signals Algorithms Use to Estimate Source Authority","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-signals-algorithms-use-to-estimate-source-authority","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Signals Algorithms Use to Estimate Source Authority","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Link-based signals","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-link-based-signals","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Link-based signals","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Trending Detection","EXCERPTS":["Trending detection identifies topics or hashtags that are attracting a sudden surge of activity within a short period."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-trending-detection","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Trending Detection","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"trend detection","EXCERPTS":["Trending detection identifies topics or hashtags that are attracting a sudden surge of activity within a short period."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-trending-detection","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Trending Detection","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"detecting trends","EXCERPTS":["Trending detection identifies topics or hashtags that are attracting a sudden surge of activity within a short period."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-trending-detection","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Trending Detection","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Algorithmic Personalisation","EXCERPTS":["Algorithmic personalisation adapts the order, selection, or presentation of information items to individual users based on their tracked signals and algorithmic profiles:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-algorithmic-personalisation","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Algorithmic Personalisation","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Personalised Ranking","EXCERPTS":["Personalised ranking orders the items a user encounters differently for each individual, drawing on their tracked signals and algorithmic profiles:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-personalised-ranking","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Personalised Ranking","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"personalised rankings","EXCERPTS":["Personalised ranking orders the items a user encounters differently for each individual, drawing on their tracked signals and algorithmic profiles:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-personalised-ranking","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Personalised Ranking","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Personalised Recommendations","EXCERPTS":["Recommendations suggest items beyond what the user actively requested:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-personalised-recommendations","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Personalised Recommendations","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"personalised recommendation","EXCERPTS":["Recommendations suggest items beyond what the user actively requested:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-personalised-recommendations","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Personalised Recommendations","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"recommendation","EXCERPTS":["Recommendations suggest items beyond what the user actively requested:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-personalised-recommendations","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Personalised Recommendations","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Personalised Advertising","EXCERPTS":["Personalised advertising targets paid content at individual users based on their algorithmic profile. Platform algorithms decide which advert reaches which user:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-personalised-advertising","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Personalised Advertising","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"personalised advertisement","EXCERPTS":["Personalised advertising targets paid content at individual users based on their algorithmic profile. Platform algorithms decide which advert reaches which user:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-personalised-advertising","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Personalised Advertising","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Information Amplification","EXCERPTS":["Amplification is the process by which the visibility of an information item, topic, or hashtag is broadened beyond the individual user to many accounts, and sometimes carried across information environments."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-information-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Information Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"amplify","EXCERPTS":["Amplification is the process by which the visibility of an information item, topic, or hashtag is broadened beyond the individual user to many accounts, and sometimes carried across information environments."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-information-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Information Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"amplifies","EXCERPTS":["Amplification is the process by which the visibility of an information item, topic, or hashtag is broadened beyond the individual user to many accounts, and sometimes carried across information environments."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-information-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Information Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"amplification","EXCERPTS":["Amplification is the process by which the visibility of an information item, topic, or hashtag is broadened beyond the individual user to many accounts, and sometimes carried across information environments."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-information-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Information Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Algorithmic Amplification","EXCERPTS":["Algorithmic amplification is a self-reinforcing dynamic that amplifies algorithmic curation: because engagement-derived signals depend on an item's prior visibility, an item with high prior engagement is ranked higher, gains more visibility, and so draws yet more engagement (the rich-get-richer effect). Because engage…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-algorithmic-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Algorithmic Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Coordinated Authentic Amplification","EXCERPTS":["Coordinated Authentic Amplification is the deliberate boosting of an information item, topic, hashtag, account, or viewpoint through openly disclosed, organised activity by real accounts. The coordinated origin is not concealed: participants act under their real identities or under known group affiliations."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-coordinated-authentic-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Coordinated Authentic Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"coordinated authentic amplifications","EXCERPTS":["Coordinated Authentic Amplification is the deliberate boosting of an information item, topic, hashtag, account, or viewpoint through openly disclosed, organised activity by real accounts. The coordinated origin is not concealed: participants act under their real identities or under known group affiliations."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-coordinated-authentic-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Coordinated Authentic Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Coordinated Inauthentic or Artificial Amplification","EXCERPTS":["Coordinated inauthentic or artificial amplification is the deliberate boosting of an information item, topic, hashtag, account, or viewpoint through organised activity in which the coordinated origin is concealed, the participating accounts are fake, or both. The aim is to manufacture an appearance of organic, indepen…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-coordinated-inauthentic-or-artificial-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Coordinated Inauthentic or Artificial Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"coordinated inauthentic amplification","EXCERPTS":["Coordinated inauthentic or artificial amplification is the deliberate boosting of an information item, topic, hashtag, account, or viewpoint through organised activity in which the coordinated origin is concealed, the participating accounts are fake, or both. The aim is to manufacture an appearance of organic, indepen…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-coordinated-inauthentic-or-artificial-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Coordinated Inauthentic or Artificial Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"coordinated inauthentic amplifications","EXCERPTS":["Coordinated inauthentic or artificial amplification is the deliberate boosting of an information item, topic, hashtag, account, or viewpoint through organised activity in which the coordinated origin is concealed, the participating accounts are fake, or both. The aim is to manufacture an appearance of organic, indepen…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-coordinated-inauthentic-or-artificial-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Coordinated Inauthentic or Artificial Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"coordinated artificial amplification","EXCERPTS":["Coordinated inauthentic or artificial amplification is the deliberate boosting of an information item, topic, hashtag, account, or viewpoint through organised activity in which the coordinated origin is concealed, the participating accounts are fake, or both. The aim is to manufacture an appearance of organic, indepen…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-coordinated-inauthentic-or-artificial-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Coordinated Inauthentic or Artificial Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"coordinated artificial amplifications","EXCERPTS":["Coordinated inauthentic or artificial amplification is the deliberate boosting of an information item, topic, hashtag, account, or viewpoint through organised activity in which the coordinated origin is concealed, the participating accounts are fake, or both. The aim is to manufacture an appearance of organic, indepen…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-coordinated-inauthentic-or-artificial-amplification","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Coordinated Inauthentic or Artificial Amplification","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Social Bot","EXCERPTS":["A social bot is a bot designed to operate on social media platforms, posting, commenting, sharing, or interacting in ways that simulate human users. Social bots are typically programmed to act at scale and at high speed, far beyond what a human user could manage. Their activity is often repetitive and coordinated acro…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-social-bot","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Social Bot","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"social bots","EXCERPTS":["A social bot is a bot designed to operate on social media platforms, posting, commenting, sharing, or interacting in ways that simulate human users. Social bots are typically programmed to act at scale and at high speed, far beyond what a human user could manage. Their activity is often repetitive and coordinated acro…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-social-bot","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Social Bot","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Cyborg","EXCERPTS":["A cyborg is a hybrid account that is partly operated by a human and partly automated by software. A cyborg may have routine posts scheduled or generated by software while a person handles selected interactions, replies, or sensitive content. The balance between automated and human activity varies between accounts."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-cyborg","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Cyborg","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"cyborgs","EXCERPTS":["A cyborg is a hybrid account that is partly operated by a human and partly automated by software. A cyborg may have routine posts scheduled or generated by software while a person handles selected interactions, replies, or sensitive content. The balance between automated and human activity varies between accounts."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-cyborg","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Cyborg","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Troll","EXCERPTS":["A troll is a real person who deliberately disrupts online discussions through provocative, aggressive, or hostile behaviour. Trolls typically use personal accounts and target controversial issues, public figures (such as politicians or journalists), or media organisations. Their aim is to upset others, trigger reactio…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-troll","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Troll","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"trolls","EXCERPTS":["A troll is a real person who deliberately disrupts online discussions through provocative, aggressive, or hostile behaviour. Trolls typically use personal accounts and target controversial issues, public figures (such as politicians or journalists), or media organisations. Their aim is to upset others, trigger reactio…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-troll","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Troll","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Sockpuppet","EXCERPTS":["A sockpuppet is a fake online identity created and operated by a real person who hides their true identity. Unlike trolls — who often act under a single openly hostile account — a sockpuppet operator typically runs multiple fake accounts in parallel to create the impression that several independent users hold the same…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-sockpuppet","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Sockpuppet","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"sockpuppets","EXCERPTS":["A sockpuppet is a fake online identity created and operated by a real person who hides their true identity. Unlike trolls — who often act under a single openly hostile account — a sockpuppet operator typically runs multiple fake accounts in parallel to create the impression that several independent users hold the same…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-sockpuppet","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Sockpuppet","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Differentiating Social Bots, Trolls, and Sockpuppets","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-differentiating-social-bots-trolls-and-sockpuppets","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Differentiating Social Bots, Trolls, and Sockpuppets","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"differentiating social bots","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-differentiating-social-bots-trolls-and-sockpuppets","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Differentiating Social Bots, Trolls, and Sockpuppets","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"differentiating trolls","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-differentiating-social-bots-trolls-and-sockpuppets","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Differentiating Social Bots, Trolls, and Sockpuppets","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"differentiating sockpuppets","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-differentiating-social-bots-trolls-and-sockpuppets","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Differentiating Social Bots, Trolls, and Sockpuppets","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Account Networks","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-account-networks","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Account Networks","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"account network","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-account-networks","SOURCETYPE":"h3-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Account Networks","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Bot Farm","EXCERPTS":["A bot farm is a network of bots operating simultaneously across multiple devices or servers, deployed by a single operator or organisation for a particular purpose."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-bot-farm","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Bot Farm","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"bot farms","EXCERPTS":["A bot farm is a network of bots operating simultaneously across multiple devices or servers, deployed by a single operator or organisation for a particular purpose."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-bot-farm","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Bot Farm","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Troll Farm","EXCERPTS":["A troll farm is an organised group of coordinated, often paid workers who post deliberately provocative, misleading, or false content online — typically through fake accounts. Their aim is usually to manipulate public opinion, spread disinformation, or create social and political unrest. Troll farms have been document…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-troll-farm","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Troll Farm","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"troll farms","EXCERPTS":["A troll farm is an organised group of coordinated, often paid workers who post deliberately provocative, misleading, or false content online — typically through fake accounts. Their aim is usually to manipulate public opinion, spread disinformation, or create social and political unrest. Troll farms have been document…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-troll-farm","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Troll Farm","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Sockpuppet Network","EXCERPTS":["A sockpuppet network is a coordinated set of sockpuppet accounts operated by one person or a small group, used to simulate independent voices supporting a shared narrative, campaign, account, or cause. Sockpuppet networks are commonly used in political astroturfing, review and rating manipulation, and coordinated disi…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-sockpuppet-network","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Sockpuppet Network","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"sockpuppet networks","EXCERPTS":["A sockpuppet network is a coordinated set of sockpuppet accounts operated by one person or a small group, used to simulate independent voices supporting a shared narrative, campaign, account, or cause. Sockpuppet networks are commonly used in political astroturfing, review and rating manipulation, and coordinated disi…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-sockpuppet-network","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Sockpuppet Network","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Click Farm","EXCERPTS":["A click farm is an operation where large numbers of low-paid workers, automated bots, or both are used to click on ads, follow social media accounts, like posts, leave reviews, or download apps. The goal is to artificially boost online engagement or traffic, making content, accounts, or products appear more popular th…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-click-farm","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Click Farm","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"click farms","EXCERPTS":["A click farm is an operation where large numbers of low-paid workers, automated bots, or both are used to click on ads, follow social media accounts, like posts, leave reviews, or download apps. The goal is to artificially boost online engagement or traffic, making content, accounts, or products appear more popular th…"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-click-farm","SOURCETYPE":"h4-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Click Farm","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Information Narrowing","EXCERPTS":["Narrowing is the process by which the range of information items and viewpoints reaching an individual user or group is restricted to what already fits their profile or shared beliefs, while diverging content gradually drops away. Two mechanisms drive narrowing, each producing one phenomenon:"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-information-narrowing","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Information Narrowing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Algorithmic Narrowing","EXCERPTS":[],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-algorithmic-narrowing","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Algorithmic Narrowing","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Social Reinforcement","EXCERPTS":["Social reinforcement is the social mechanism behind the echo chamber. Within a self-chosen group, members affirm and reward viewpoints that fit shared beliefs, while viewpoints that diverge are dismissed or excluded. Through this mutual response, the range of perspectives a member meets steadily contracts."],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-social-reinforcement","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Social Reinforcement","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Engagement-derived signals","EXCERPTS":["Signals captured during engagement, including attention measurements"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-engagement-derived-signals","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Engagement-derived signals","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Account data","EXCERPTS":["Information about the user and their connections"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-account-data","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Account data","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Contextual data","EXCERPTS":["Information about the situation in which the user is accessing the platform"],"SLUG":"information-visibility-in-digital-information-environments-1d4XJXs8gX","ANCHORID":"scilmi-contextual-data","SOURCETYPE":"h4-table-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":3,"SECTIONTITLE":"Contextual data","TITLE":"Information Visibility in Digital Information Environments","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Source","EXCERPTS":["Source is used in several overlapping ways when evaluating an information item."],"SLUG":"information-reliability-source-credibility-S1axGyY6zF","ANCHORID":"scilmi-source","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":4,"SECTIONTITLE":"Source","TITLE":"Information Reliability & Source Credibility","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"sources","EXCERPTS":["Source is used in several overlapping ways when evaluating an information item."],"SLUG":"information-reliability-source-credibility-S1axGyY6zF","ANCHORID":"scilmi-source","SOURCETYPE":"h1-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":4,"SECTIONTITLE":"Source","TITLE":"Information Reliability & Source Credibility","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"publisher","EXCERPTS":["Source is used in several overlapping ways when evaluating an information item."],"SLUG":"information-reliability-source-credibility-S1axGyY6zF","ANCHORID":"scilmi-source","SOURCETYPE":"curly-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":4,"SECTIONTITLE":"Source","TITLE":"Information Reliability & Source Credibility","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"distributor","EXCERPTS":["Source is used in several overlapping ways when evaluating an information item."],"SLUG":"information-reliability-source-credibility-S1axGyY6zF","ANCHORID":"scilmi-source","SOURCETYPE":"curly-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":4,"SECTIONTITLE":"Source","TITLE":"Information Reliability & Source Credibility","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Creator","EXCERPTS":["The creator or author is the person, organisation, account, or system that has created an information item."],"SLUG":"information-reliability-source-credibility-S1axGyY6zF","ANCHORID":"scilmi-creator-author","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":4,"SECTIONTITLE":"Creator / Author","TITLE":"Information Reliability & Source Credibility","SOURCETAG":""},{"KEYWORD":"Author","EXCERPTS":["The creator or author is the person, organisation, account, or system that has created an information item."],"SLUG":"information-reliability-source-credibility-S1axGyY6zF","ANCHORID":"scilmi-creator-author","SOURCETYPE":"h2-md","LANG":"en","PAGEORDER":4,"SECTIONTITLE":"Creator / Author","TITLE":"Information Reliability & Source 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