{"CACHEDAT":"2026-05-13 09:33:12","TRANSLATEDAT":"2026-05-13 09:33:12","SOURCESIGNATURE":"10c4d51305fc0b93abf8f09cb6e412660e0337ea2dbfad9c9f8048a9e4af9c72","SLUG":"information-sources-information-environments-4vXACS9AdV","MARKDOWN":"# Information {{(mis)information}}\n\nany material related to a topic or issue (here: SSI): facts, claims, data, descriptions, arguments, interpretations, quotations, statistics, images, media etc. \n\n→ misinformation, disinformation, malinformation\n\n# Information Item\n\nspecific unit of information that someone encounters in a given situation \\n→ appears in the form of a genre (e.g., an article, a post, a video, a report, a tweet, an interview) \\n→ in an information environment (e.g., a website, a social media platform, a conversation, a newspaper)\n\n## Publication Date\n\ndate when an information item was originally published, posted, or broadcast\\n→ indicates how current the content is and whether it may have been overtaken by newer findings, events, or developments\n\n## Content\n\nwhat is actually said, shown, claimed, or explained in an information item\n\n→ fabricated content, manipulated content\n\n## Message\n\ncommunicative meaning that results from how an author or publisher selects, emphasises, frames, and structures the content → viewpoints / positions\n\n## Preview\n\ncompact visual representation of an information item, typically combining title, snippet, domain/URL, and sometimes a thumbnail — used in feeds, search results, and when links are shared on social media or in messaging apps\n\n## Snippet\n\nthe brief descriptive text component within a preview — typically a sentence or two excerpted or generated from the content of the underlying information item\n\n## Reference\n\ninformation item or source that is cited, quoted, linked, or referred to within another information item\\n→ makes it possible to trace information back towards its origin\\n→ following references is a key strategy for evaluating reliability\n\n# Source\n\norigin of an information item — used in two senses:\n\n**as actor:**\n\n* strictly: the author or creator who produced the content\n* in broader use: the information environment in which it appears\n* in everyday use: even the person, account, or bot who shared it with you (the \"distributor\")\n\n**as item:** \n\n* the information item itself, classified by degree of mediation (primary, secondary, tertiary) and by source type\n\n## Content-Creator / Author `{{creator}}`\n\nperson or organisation that creates the original content of an information item \\n→ may be identified, pseudonymous, or anonymous\n\n## Degree of Mediation\n\nThe degree of mediation does show is how far the information item is from the original material — and therefore how many steps of selection, interpretation, and potential distortion lie in between.\n\n\n:::warning\nThe degree of mediation does not determine reliability or trustworthiness. \\n→ A primary source can be biased, incomplete, or wrong (e.g., an eyewitness account, a misleading dataset). \\n→ A secondary source can be more reliable than the primary material it reports on (e.g., a fact-checked article correcting a politician's claims).  \n\n:::\n\n| Degree of Mediation | Epistemic Proximity / Relation to Original Information Item | Examples |\n|---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|----------|\n| ### Primary Source  | Directly presents, documents, analyses, or interprets **original information:** raw data, original events, or firsthand experience | WHO research report, eyewitness account, original dataset, parliamentary speech |\n| ### Secondary Source | References and reports on, analyses, interprets, comments on, or reframes one or more primary information items | Newspaper article about the WHO report, textbook chapter summarising research findings, social media post quoting from a scientific study and commenting on the quote |\n| ### Tertiary Source | References, compiles, or summarises multiple primary and/or secondary information items, typically without presenting new original information | TikTok video reacting to a tweet that commented on a scientific study, Wikipedia entry, encyclopedia overview |\n\n## Source Types\n\n|  **Source Type**<br>What kind of source is this? | **Authors / Creators**<br>Who is typically behind it? | **Primary Interest**<br>What is their main purpose? | **Communicative Intentions**<br>How do they typically communicate? | **Pre-Publication Review**<br>How carefully is the information checked before publication? | **Implications for Reliability and Trustworthiness**<br>How does this affect reliability and trustworthiness? | **Genres**<br>What formats do information items in this source type typically take? |\n|-------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| **Academic / Educational**                | - Universities<br>- Research institutions<br>- Schools<br>- Scholarly publishers | - Knowledge production<br>- Education        | - Informing<br>- Explaining<br>- Documenting evidence       | Often formally reviewed, though the level of review varies.                         | Often stronger in evidence use and documentation, but findings may be preliminary, narrowly scoped, or superseded by newer research. | - Journal article<br>- Textbook<br>- Lecture recording<br>- Encyclopedia entry |\n| **Commercial / Promotional**              | - Companies<br>- Brands<br>- Industry associations<br>- Sponsored creators | - Profit<br>- Market position<br>- Reputation | - Promoting<br>- Selling<br>- Building brand trust          | Usually internally reviewed for brand, legal, or marketing purposes.                | Professionally produced and shaped by commercial interests; marketing and information are often blurred. | - Sponsored post<br>- Brand blog<br>- Product microsite<br>- Corporate press release |\n| **Individual / Personal**                 | - Private persons<br>- Unaffiliated creators<br>- Personal networks | - Self-expression<br>- Sharing<br>- Opinion<br>- Experience<br>- … | - Expressing<br>- Sharing<br>- Commenting<br>- Entertaining | Usually not formally reviewed before publication.                                   | Can offer firsthand perspectives, but reliability, expertise, and accountability vary widely.          | - Personal blog<br>- Forum comment<br>- Private message<br>- Personal video  |\n| **Journalistic**                          | - News organisations<br>- Editorial teams<br>- Independent journalists | - Public reporting<br>- Audience reach       | - Reporting<br>- Interpreting<br>- Investigating<br>- Commenting | Often editorially reviewed, though standards vary.                                  | Can provide verified and contextualised reporting, but quality varies by outlet, genre, speed, and commercial pressure. | - News article<br>- Feature<br>- Opinion piece<br>- Editorial<br>- Investigative podcast |\n| **Philanthropic / Service-oriented**      | - Humanitarian organisations<br>- Charitable foundations<br>- Service-oriented NGOs | - Public benefit<br>- Aid<br>- Welfare       | - Informing<br>- Supporting<br>- Coordinating aid<br>- Raising awareness | Often internally reviewed, though standards vary.                                   | Often mission-driven and grounded in practical experience, but scope, independence, and evidence use vary. | - Aid programme page<br>- Foundation project report<br>- Charity newsletter  |\n| **Political / Advocacy**                  | - Parties<br>- Campaigns<br>- Advocacy groups<br>- Activists<br>- Lobbying groups | - Advocacy<br>- Persuasion<br>- Mobilisation | - Persuading<br>- Pressuring<br>- Agenda-setting<br>- Mobilising | Usually strategically reviewed to support a position or campaign.                   | Important for public debate, but often shaped by advocacy, persuasion, or institutional interests.     | - Party programme<br>- Campaign ad<br>- Manifesto<br>- Lobbying paper        |\n| **Professional / Membership-based**       | - Professional associations<br>- Trade unions<br>- Chambers<br>- Learned societies | - Member interests<br>- Professional standards | - Representing<br>- Standard-setting<br>- Coordinating<br>- Informing members | Often internally reviewed for accuracy and consistency.                             | Often grounded in domain expertise, but perspective may reflect member interests rather than broader public interest. | - Professional guideline<br>- Member newsletter<br>- Position paper<br>- Sector report |\n| **Public / Official**                     | - Governments<br>- Ministries<br>- Public authorities<br>- International organisations | - Public mandate<br>- Regulation<br>- Policy | - Announcing<br>- Regulating<br>- Legitimising<br>- Informing the public | Usually formally reviewed and approved before publication.                          | Often authoritative about official positions and decisions, but may be selective, strategic, or self-presentational. | - Policy document<br>- Official statement<br>- FAQ page<br>- Ministry report |\n\n\n:::info\nGenres are not exclusive to a single source category. A newsletter, for example, can be commercial, philanthropic, or professional. The genre alone is not a sufficient indicator of reliability or trustworthiness.\n\n:::\n\n## Source Reliability\n\nModern knowledge is so specialised that no individual can verify all claims independently. We have to rely on **experts** and on **credible sources**. But this reliance is only as good as our ability to identify who genuinely is an expert and which sources have been produced under conditions that support reliability. \n\nThree complementary angles support this judgement: \n\n* **Editorial Review**\\nhow the source was created\n* **Fact-Checking**\\nthe verification of specific claims\n  * by editors before publication, or \n  * by independent organisations afterwards\n* **Lateral Reading** \\nthe recipient's own investigation of the source: leaving the source itself and consulting what reliable independent references say about it\n\n### Editorial Review\n\nA formal pre-publication process by which information items are selected for publication, framed, modified, or omitted — and through which their content is quality-checked against the publisher's standards before reaching the public. \n\nEditorial review thus combines two functions:\n\n* Selection and framing: deciding which information is published, how it is framed, and what is left out \n* Quality contro and fact-checking: verifying accuracy, sources, and evidence\n\nRigour varies — from informal one-person editing to formal multi-stage review. In traditional publication contexts, these roles were typically performed by separate entities — a journalist (content-creator) and a newspaper editorial team (content-editor). Peer review in academic publishing is a specialised form.\n\n\n:::warning\n**Editorial review is not neutral.**\\nA formal process and a rigorous quality check do not preclude bias. Editorial decisions reflect the motives, interests, and editorial line of the publishing organisation — its mission, ownership, funding, and target audience. The same piece can be carefully checked *and* framed in ways that serve the publisher's agenda. Quality and bias are not mutually exclusive.\n\nThis is **Editorial Gatekeeping** in action. An analogous function on digital platforms is performed by Algorithmic Gatekeeping.\n\n:::\n\nIn digital environments, the boundaries shift. The editorial role is often bypassed — anyone with an account can post or share information items without editorial review or institutional backing. At the same time, the ==operator== role becomes more prominent: ==algorithmic curation, sponsored content, and recommendation systems== shape visibility in ways that traditional distribution networks did not.\n\n\n:::warning\nThe reliability of an information item depends on its content-creator and the editorial review it received — not on whoever shared it.\n\n* a retweeted article: the account that shared it is not its author — there is a separate author behind the article \n* a bot posting a link: the bot that posted it is not its creator — the linked content has its own creator\n\n:::\n\n### Fact-Checking {\\[fact checker\\]}\n\nThe practice of verifying factual claims in information items. \n\nFact-checking exists in two distinct contexts:\n\n* **Pre-publication**: a specialised editorial role within publishing organisations, verifying claims before they are made public \n* **Post-publication**: independent organisations (see below) that evaluate already-published claims and produce their own information items in response\n\n\n:::info\n#### AFP Fact Check (France)\n\n* **Languages:** English, French\n* **Focus**: n dubious pictures, videos, official statements and other misinformation that appears online\n* **Funding:** partially subsidised by the French government, also receives direct support from Facebook.\n* **Link:** <https://factcheck.afp.com/>\n\n#### BBC Reality Check (United Kingdom)\n\n* **Language:** English\n* **Focus:** rumours and claims from news sites or social media\n* **Funding:** publicly funded\n* **Link:** <https://www.bbc.com/news/reality_check>\n\n#### Correctiv (Germany)\n\n* **Languages**: German; also publishes in Arabic, English, French, Russian and Turkish via partner outlets\n* **Focus**: mis- and disinformation, investigative journalism\n\n  **Funding**: donations (major donors include Luminate, Brost-Stiftung, Open Society Foundations, Google, Deutsche Telekom); a commercial subsidiary receives payment from Facebook for fact-checking content \n* Link: <https://correctiv.org/>\n\n#### dpa-Faktencheck (Germany)\n\n* **Languages**: German, Dutch, French (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg)\n* **Focus**: claims of public relevance; political statements and viral content\n* **Funding**: market-funded news agency; minor project funding (Google News Initiative, EU); Meta cooperation flagged per fact-check\n* **Link**: <https://dpa-factchecking.com/germany/>\n\n#### FactCheck.org (United States)\n\n* **Language**: English\n* **Focus**: US political claims and statements; viral hoaxes\n* **Funding**: Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, primarily funded by the Annenberg Foundation; Meta partnership ran from 2016 until ending in 2025 \n* **Link**: <https://www.factcheck.org/>\n\n#### **Faktabaari (Finland)**\n\n* **Languages:** Finnish, Swedish, English\n* **Focus:** fact-checks, especially during local, national and European elections\n* **Funding:** primarily via third sector grants and prizes\n* **Link:** <https://faktabaari.fi/>\n\n#### Maldita.es (Spain)\n\n* **Language**: Spanish\n* **Focus**: politics, science, health, climate, migration, gender; community-driven\n* **Funding**: nonprofit foundation; donations, membership, platform partnerships (Meta, Google), EU research projects\n* **Link**: <https://maldita.es/>\n\n#### Pagella Politica (Italy)\n\n* **Language**: Italian\n* **Focus**: statements by Italian politicians (sister site Facta.news covers viral mis-/disinformation)\n* **Funding**: private company; revenue from media clients, Meta partnership (via Facta.news), EU and Erasmus+ project funding\n* **Link**: <https://pagellapolitica.it/>\n\n#### **Reuters Fact Check** (UK)\n\n* **Language**: English\n* **Focus**: Visual material, claims posted on social media\n* **Funding**: Reuters, Facebook provides financial support\n* **Link**: <https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/>\n\n#### Snopes (USA)\n\n* **Language**: English\n* **Focus**: urban legends, internet rumours, US political and social claims\n* **Funding**: independent media company; advertising and member subscriptions; previous Meta partnership ended 2019\n* **Link**: <https://www.snopes.com/>\n\n:::\n\n\n:::warning\nMost major fact-checking organisations receive funding or partnership payments from large digital platforms (Meta/Facebook in particular). This relationship is openly disclosed but warrants critical reflection.\n\n:::\n\n\n:::tip\nEDMO Monthly Fact-Checking Briefs: <https://edmo.eu/resources/fact-checking-publications/fact-checking-briefs/>\n\n:::\n\n### Lateral Reading\n\nLateral reading is a strategy of evaluating sources like a fact-checker. \n\nThe initial focus is on questioning the source (who is behind the content), not the content itself. Instead of reading vertically — staying on a website and analysing it from top to bottom — you leave the site quickly, search for the source's name, and check what other trustworthy sites say about it. If the source seems untrustworthy, don't waste your time on it. Find a better source.\n\nThe same lateral approach also works for verifying digital platforms, specific claims, quotes, or statistics within the content: leave the page and search for independent confirmation.\n\n\n:::tip\nDon't try to judge a source by reading it. Leave it. Use the rest of the web to find out what it is.\n\n:::\n\n\n:::success\n* **Leave the website.** Open a new tab (Cmd-Click / Ctrl-Click) and search the web for the target name.  Use exact search terms — put names in quotation marks. Add specific terms from the checklists below to focus on a particular point (e.g., \"Employment Policies Institute\" + \"funding sources\").\n* **Practice click restraint.** Don't click the first result. Scan snippets and URLs of several results; look for entries on independent reference sites (Wikipedia, SourceWatch, established news outlets).\n* **Corroborate.** On reliable external sites, use the find-on-page shortcut (command+F) to quickly locate names or key terms to verify.\n\n:::\n\n#### ☑ Author's Expertise & Credentials                                                                                                   \n\n\n:::success\n**Identifiability**\n\n- [ ] Author's name and professional role\n- [ ] Contact information (e.g. institutional email, professional website)\n- [ ] Verifiable professional profile (e.g. ResearchGate, institutional page, LinkedIn)\n\n**Qualification and Subject Expertise**\n\n- [ ] Educational background relevant to the topic\n- [ ] Professional experience in the topic field\n- [ ] Specialisation in the specific area discussed\n\n**Institutional Backing, Funding, and Bias**\n\n- [ ] Affiliation with an identifiable institution or organisation\n- [ ] Author's position within the institution\n- [ ] Disclosed funding sources and conflicts of interest\n- [ ] Affiliations with groups or organisations holding a specific agenda\n\n**Publication Track Record**\n\n- [ ] Other publications by the author on the topic\n- [ ] Publications in peer-reviewed journals\n- [ ] Citations of the author's work in other credible sources \n- [ ] Membership in recognised professional or academic organisations\n\n**Recency and Continuity**\n\n- [ ] Recent publications in the field\n- [ ] Continuity of expertise\n\n:::\n\n\n:::warning\nIndicators require interpretation. Some signals are easily misread. \\n→ Fame is not credibility. Public visibility, media presence, or large following do not equal expertise on a specific topic. \\n→ A high citation count is not in itself credibility. Frequently cited work may also be frequently challenged or contested — the context of citations matters. \n\n→ Institutional affiliation is not in itself credibility. Institutions can carry their own agendas or biases and should be examined alongside the author.\\n→ A sudden shift to topics outside the author's previous expertise is not automatically a red flag, but warrants closer examination.\n\n:::\n\n#### ☑ Organisation's Reputation  \n\n\n:::success\n#### Funding & Affiliations\n\n- [ ] Funding sources and donors (parent organisations, sponsors, or PR firms behind the organisation)\n- [ ] Disclosure of funding sources and conflicts of interest\n- [ ] Political, industry, or ideological affiliations\n\n#### Editorial & Accountability Practices\n\n- [ ] Corrections or retractions policy\n- [ ] Named editorial leadership or ombudsperson\n- [ ] Separation of editorial, news, and advertising or funding\n- [ ] Transparency about verification methods\n\n#### Identity & Type\n\n- [ ] Type of organisation (academic, journalistic, advocacy, commercial, governmental — see Source Categories)\n- [ ] Front groups or cloaked websites: whether the organisation truly represents what it appears to represent, or fronts for another interest\n\n#### Track Record & Standing\n\n- [ ] Length of operation and continuity of focus\n- [ ] How independent reference sites describe the organisation (Wikipedia, SourceWatch, fact-checkers, established news outlets)\n- [ ] Documented controversies, fact-check ratings, or critical reporting\n\n:::\n\n\n:::warning\nIndicators require interpretation. Some signals are easily misread. \\n→ Non-profit status alone is not credibility. Many advocacy and front organisations operate as non-profits. \\n→ Professional design and a polished website alone are not credibility. Web design has outpaced our methods for evaluation. \\n→ A long operating history alone is not reliability — ownership, funding, and practices can change over time. \\n→ Institutional affiliation is not in itself credibility. Institutions can carry their own agendas or biases and should be examined alongside the organisation.\n\n:::\n\n\n\n:::info\n* Caulfield, Mike. 2017. *Web Literacy for Student Fact Checkers*. <https://pressbooks.pub/webliteracy/front-matter/web-strategies-for-student-fact-checkers/>\n\n\n* Caulfield, Mike. 2019. \"SIFT (The Four Moves)\". <https://hapgood.us/2019/06/19/sift-the-four-moves/>\n* Daniels, J. (2009). Cloaked websites: Propaganda, cyber-racism and epistemology in the digital era. New Media & Society, 11(5), 659–683. <https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809105345>\n* Harris, R. (2020). Evaluating Internet Research Sources. VirtualSalt. Available at: <https://www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm>\n* Osborne, J., Pimentel, D., Alberts, B., Allchin, D., Barzilai, S., Bergstrom, C., Coffey, J., Donovan, B., Kivinen, K., Kozyreva. A., & Wineburg, S. (2022). *Science Education in an Age of Misinformation*. Stanford University, Stanford, CA.\n* Wineburg, Sam & McGrew, Sarah. 2017. \"Lateral Reading: Reading Less and Learning More when Evaluating Digital Information\". Working Paper No 2017.A1 / Standford History Education Group. <https://ssrn.com/abstract=3048994>\n\n:::\n\n# Information Environments\n\nphysical or digital contexts in which information items are available and encountered directly\n\n| Information Environments | Definition | What do I usually encounter there first? |\n|--------------------------|------------|------------------------------------------|\n| **Analogue Information Environments** | non-digital environments in which people encounter information items directly | information items in printed, transmitted, spatial, live, or spoken form |\n| **Digital Information Channels & Platforms** | digital environments in which people encounter information items directly | information items in posted, uploaded, or streamed form |\n\n\n:::warning\nThe boundary between analogue and digital environments is increasingly fluid: live broadcasts may be streamed simultaneously, print publications often appear in digital form, and live events are frequently broadcast or streamed online.\n\n:::\n\n## ☑ Analogue Information Environments\n\n| Type | Definition | Typical Examples (encounter on purpose) | Typical Examples (encounter in passing) | How do I encounter information here? |\n|------|------------|-----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|\n| **Print / Publications** | Printed materials — such as newspapers, magazines, books, brochures, flyers, posters, or signage — that are physically distributed, displayed, or made available for reading. | - newspaper subscription<br>- magazine purchase<br>- academic textbook<br>- library book | - campaign flyer in a letterbox<br>- brochure in a waiting room<br>- free newspaper on a train<br>- billboard<br>- poster at a bus stop | - by purchasing, subscribing, or picking up a copy<br>- by reading, browsing, or leafing through<br>- sometimes by noticing printed material placed in a public space |\n| **Broadcast & Public Address** | Audio or audiovisual information transmitted to a wide audience through radio, television, screens, or public address systems — either as scheduled programming or as continuous / situational announcements. | - TV news at home<br>- radio programme<br>- live sports broadcast | - TV screen in a waiting room<br>- background radio in a shop<br>- loudspeaker announcement at a train station<br>- public address system in an airport | - by tuning in to a channel or station<br>- by switching between channels<br>- sometimes by being in a space where broadcast or address content is playing |\n| **Installations, Monuments & Exhibits** | Spatial, static, and typically permanent or semi-permanent objects, structures, or displays placed in public or institutional spaces to inform, commemorate, or express. | - museum exhibition<br>- memorial visit<br>- gallery installation<br>- information pavilion | - monument in a public park<br>- commemorative plaque<br>- temporary public art installation | - by visiting a space that contains them<br>- sometimes by passing by or being physically present where they are placed |\n| **Live Events & Public Action** | Time-bound, live gatherings or actions involving people — organised to inform, persuade, express, commemorate, or mobilise. | - conference<br>- lecture<br>- theatre performance<br>- campaign event<br>- planned demonstration | - street protest<br>- flashmob<br>- information stand<br>- protest camp<br>- vigil<br>- street performance | - by attending at a specific time and place<br>- sometimes by being in the vicinity when an event or action takes place |\n| **Personal Conversations & Word of Mouth** | Direct, face-to-face exchange of information between individuals — in private, social, or professional settings. | - asking a friend for advice<br>- family dinner discussion<br>- consulting a colleague<br>- parent–teacher conversation | - overhearing a conversation<br>- casual remark at a social gathering<br>- word of mouth in a community | - by talking, listening, and asking in direct personal interaction |\n\n##  ☑ Digital Information Platforms & Channels {\\[information channel\\]} {\\[platform\\]} {\\[channel\\]}\n\n| Type | Definition | Typical Examples | Who can publish information here? | Is what I see here the same for everyone, algorithmically personalised for me, or based on my own configuration? | How do people find and move through information here? |\n|------|------------|------------------|-----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|\n| **Websites / Blogs** | An individual's or organisation's own online space — such as an institutional website, a news site, a company page, or a personal blog — where content is published directly in the owner's name. | - who.int<br>- [bbc.co.uk](http://bbc.co.uk)<br>- [greenpeace.org](http://greenpeace.org)- my-travelblog.eu | **Owner-controlled**<br>- The owner<br>- Authorised contributors | **Same for everyone**<br>Content is structured by the site owner through menus, categories, and page layout      | - By following menus<br>- By clicking links<br>- By browsing sections or categories<br>- By using internal search, if available<br>- By moving from page to page |\n| **Social Media** | Networked digital spaces where users and organisations post, share, and circulate content. | - Facebook<br>- Instagram<br>- TikTok<br>- X<br>- LinkedIn<br>- Threads<br>- Mastodon | **Open**<br>- Almost anyone with an account<br>- Organisations<br>- Public figures<br>- Advertisers | **Algorithmically personalised for me**<br>Feeds, recommendations, trending content, and promoted posts are shaped by my behaviour and engagement | - By scrolling through feeds<br>- By following accounts<br>- By opening comments, replies, and threads<br>- By clicking shares, reposts, and recommendations<br>- By searching hashtags, keywords, or account names |\n| **Video / Audio Platforms** | Digital spaces where many different users or organisations upload and share video or audio content. | - YouTube<br>- Vimeo<br>- SoundCloud | **Open**<br>- Almost anyone with an account or channel<br>- Organisations<br>- Media producers<br>- Podcasters | **Algorithmically personalised for me**<br>Recommendations, autoplay queues, and suggested items are shaped by my viewing / listening history | - By searching for specific items<br>- By moving through playlists or queues<br>- By following recommendations<br>- By opening channels, episodes, or series<br>- By using subscriptions |\n| **Streaming / On-demand Services** | Curated digital services that offer access to a catalogue of on-demand media. | - Netflix<br>- Disney+<br>- BBC iPlayer<br>- Arte<br>- RaiPlay | **Curated**<br>- The provider<br>- Authorised producers<br>- Licensed content partners | **Algorithmically personalised for me**<br>Recommendations, featured selections, and catalogue presentation are shaped by my watch history | - By browsing the catalogue<br>- By selecting from featured content<br>- By continuing series or programmes<br>- By following recommendation rows<br>- By searching titles, genres, or categories |\n| **Communication / Messaging Apps** | Private or semi-private spaces — such as messaging or email apps — for direct exchange between individuals or groups. | - WhatsApp<br>- Signal<br>- Messenger<br>- Gmail<br>- Outlook | **Member-controlled**<br>- Participants in the conversation<br>- Members of the group<br>- Mailing-list senders | **Based on my own configuration**<br>What I see depends on my contacts, conversations, groups, and how I organise them | - By opening chats or threads<br>- By reading chronological message streams<br>- By following forwards, links, and attachments<br>- By searching chat history, senders, or keywords |\n| **Discussion Forums / Community Spaces** | Interactive spaces — such as forums, discussion boards, comment sections, or community groups — where users discuss, comment, ask questions, and respond to one another. | - Reddit<br>- Discord<br>- Stack Overflow<br>- Quora | **Semi-open**<br>- Members<br>- Registered users<br>- Moderators | **Same for everyone / Based on my own Configuration**<br>What I see depends first on which communities, servers, forums, or threads I join or enter; within them, visibility may then be shaped by upvotes, moderation, and sorting. | - By browsing threads<br>- By opening replies and subthreads<br>- By following notifications<br>- By moving across categories or communities<br>- By searching topics, tags, or thread titles |\n\n\n:::info\nSome platforms fall into more than one type — for example, Telegram (messaging + public channels), Discord (messaging + community), Reddit (forum + social media), Spotify (streaming + podcast discovery).\n\n:::\n\n### ☑ Access Barriers\n\n| Barrier | Examples | People typically excluded |\n|---------|----------|---------------------------|\n| **Financial barriers** | - Paywalls<br>- Subscription fees<br>- Premium memberships | - Low-income households<br>- Students without institutional access<br>- Users in regions with weaker currencies |\n| **Language barriers** | - Foreign language<br>- Academic or technical vocabulary<br>- Complex sentence structures | - Non-native speakers<br>- Users with lower formal education<br>- Younger users |\n| **Disability-related barriers** | - No screen reader support<br>- No captions or transcripts<br>- Low contrast or small text | - Users with visual impairments<br>- Users with hearing impairments<br>- Users with cognitive impairments |\n| **Technical barriers** | - High bandwidth requirements<br>- Modern devices needed<br>- Specific software or apps | - Users with older devices<br>- Rural users with limited internet<br>- Low-income households |\n| **Geographic barriers** | - Region locks<br>- Local platform restrictions | - Users in restricted regions<br>- Travellers |\n| **Political / regulatory barriers** | - Government censorship<br>- Government bans on platforms or apps<br>- Sanctions or embargoes | - Users in countries with restrictive media policies<br>- Activists, journalists, dissidents |\n| **Account & identification barriers** | - Mandatory account creation<br>- Identity verification<br>- Age verification | - Users without an email or phone<br>- Users without official ID<br>- Minors without parental permission |\n| **Privacy-related barriers** | - Mandatory data sharing<br>- Tracking requirements<br>- Required app permissions | - Privacy-sensitive users- Users avoiding government surveillance- Users wary of corporate data collection |\n\n\n:::warning\nThese barriers are not mutually exclusive, they often overlap or reinforce each other — for example, the Great Firewall of China blocks specific platforms only within that country, acting as both a geographic and a political/regulatory barrier.\n\n:::\n\n# Information Access Systems\n\nSystems through which information items are accessed indirectly — through previews / snippets, or through synthesised responses based on them.\n\n| Information Access Systems | Definition | Where do I start? | What appears there? |\n|----------------------------|------------|-------------------|---------------------|\n| Search Systems             | Systems that locate and rank information items in response to a user query, returning previews rather than the items themselves. | a search interface | a ranked list of previews:<br>- titles<br>- snippets<br>- URLs |\n| Discovery Systems          | Systems that surface and curate information items in feeds or directories, returning previews rather than the items themselves. | a feed or browse interface | curated previews:<br>- headlines<br>- cards<br>- recommendations |\n| Generative AI Systems      | Systems that generate or synthesise responses based on information items rather than directing users to them. | a prompt window   | a generated, synthesised response, sometimes with citations |\n\n## ☑ Search Systems {\\[search engines\\]}\n\ninformation items accessed indirectly through search \\n→ users enter a query in a search interface and receive a ranked list of previews pointing to the underlying items\n\n| Type | Definition | Typical Examples | What is my starting point and how do I look for information here? | What determines which information items are displayed and in what order? | What do I get back? | How do I move from here to the underlying information item(s), if at all? |\n|------|------------|------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| ### **Search Engines** | Systems that index and rank information items across the web based on user queries. | - Google<br>- Bing<br>- DuckDuckGo<br>- Ecosia | - search bar<br>- by entering keywords or questions               | - my query<br>- ranking algorithms<br>- relevance<br>- recency<br>- search engine optimisation<br>- sometimes personalisation based on location or search history | **Previews of existing information items:**<br>- ranked list of results with snippets, titles, and URLs<br>- AI-generated summaries | - by clicking a result link, which takes me directly to the information item in its original space |\n| ### **Scholarly Databases** | Systems that make scholarly information items searchable and accessible through search, filtering, and structured metadata. | - PubMed<br>- JSTOR<br>- Google Scholar<br>- ERIC | - advanced search form with filters<br>- by entering keywords<br>- by filtering metadata<br>- by combining search fields | - my query<br>- metadata matching<br>- citation count<br>- relevance ranking<br>- database-specific indexing | **Previews of existing information items:**<br>- bibliographic records<br>- abstracts<br>- sometimes links to or direct access to full texts | - by clicking through to the full text<br>- sometimes directly within the same system<br>- sometimes via external publisher<br>- sometimes behind a paywall or institutional login |\n\n## ☑ Discovery Systems\n\ninformation items accessed indirectly through curated feeds or directories → users browse a feed or directory and see previews pointing to the underlying items\n\n| Type | Definition | Typical Examples | What is my starting point and how do I look for information here? | What determines which information items are displayed and in what order? | What do I get back? | How do I move from here to the underlying information item(s), if at all? |\n|------|------------|------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| **Feeds** | Systems that present a continuous, personalised stream of recommended information items based on topics, interests, or user behaviour. | - Google News<br>- Google Discover<br>- Apple News<br>- Flipboard<br>- Upday<br>- Microsoft Start | - personalised feed or browse interface<br>- by scrolling through the feed<br>- sometimes by selecting topics or categories<br>- sometimes by entering keywords | - editorial curation<br>- algorithmic curation (esp. trending detection)<br>- algorithmic personalisation (esp. personalised ranking, recommendations) | **Previews of existing information items:**<br>- headlines<br>- cards<br>- snippets<br>- thumbnails<br>- recommendations from various sources | - by tapping or clicking a headline, card, or preview<br>- this takes me to the information item in its original space |\n| **Directories** | Systems that organise information items into browsable catalogues with categories, charts, and recommendations. | - Apple Podcasts<br>- Spotify Podcasts<br>- Pocket Casts | - browse interface with categories and charts<br>- by browsing categories or top lists<br>- by following recommendations<br>- sometimes by entering keywords | - editorial curation<br>- algorithmic curation (esp. trending detection - \"popularity charts\")<br>- algorithmic personalisation (sometimes recommendations) | **Previews of existing information items:**<br>- listings with titles, descriptions, and episode lists<br>- thumbnails<br>- ratings<br>- sometimes recommendations | - by tapping or clicking a listing<br>- sometimes I can play the item directly within the app<br>- the transition to the underlying host is not always visible |\n\n*Some platforms function as both Discovery Systems and Digital Channels — Apple Podcasts and Spotify Podcasts, for example, surface podcasts hosted elsewhere but also play the content directly within the app.*\n\n## ☑ Generative AI Systems\n\ninformation items accessed indirectly through generative synthesis \\n→ users enter a prompt and receive a synthesised response, sometimes with references to underlying items\n\n| Type | Definition | Typical Examples | What is my starting point and how do I look for information here? | What determines which information items are displayed and in what order? | What do I get back? | How do I move from here to the underlying information item(s), if at all? |\n|------|------------|------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| ### **Training-data based AI**  | Systems that generate responses based on patterns learned during training, without real-time retrieval from external sources. | - ChatGPT<br>- Claude<br>- Gemini | - prompt window or chat interface<br>- by entering prompts, questions, or follow-up instructions | - my prompt<br>- the system's underlying model<br>- training data with a knowledge cutoff | **Generated content:**<br>- synthesised response<br>- based on patterns from training data<br>- rarely with citations to specific sources | - the generated response is typically the endpoint<br>- underlying sources are usually not retrievable |\n| ### **RAG\\* AI**  | Systems that synthesise responses by retrieving relevant content from external sources at query time — from the open web or from a user-provided corpus. | - Perplexity<br>- NotebookLM<br>- Copilot<br>- Bing Chat | - prompt window or search interface<br>- by entering prompts or questions<br>- sometimes after uploading user-provided sources | - my prompt<br>- the retrieval mechanism (web search or document corpus)<br>- the system's underlying model | **Generated content:**<br>- synthesised response based on retrieved sources<br>- usually with citations to the underlying items | - through cited sources or links, when provided<br>- to verify the synthesis against the original items |\n\n*Training-data based AI Assistants increasingly include retrieval modes (e.g., ChatGPT with web search, Claude with search). When activated, they function as RAG systems for that query — the boundary between the two types is mode-dependent rather than product-dependent.*\n\n\\*RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation): a method that combines AI generation with retrieval from a defined corpus of sources — the system synthesises responses based on the retrieved content rather than only on its training data.","HTML":"<style>.scilmi-outline-content h1,.scilmi-outline-content h2{font-weight:700}.scilmi-outline-content .badge-scilmi{background:#0d6efd;color:#fff;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:99px;}</style><h1>Informacije</h1>\n<p>bilo koji materijal vezan uz temu ili pitanje (ovdje: SSI): činjenice, tvrdnje, podaci, opisi, argumenti, interpretacije, citati, statistike, slike, mediji itd.</p>\n<p>→ dezinformacija, dezinformiranje, zlonamjerna informacija</p>\n<h1>Informacijska cjelina</h1>\n<p>specifična jedinica informacija s kojom se netko susreće u određenoj situaciji <br>→ pojavljuje se u obliku žanra (npr. članak, objava, video, izvješće, tweet, intervju) <br>→ u informacijskom okruženju (npr. web-stranica, platforma društvenih mreža, razgovor, novine)</p>\n<h2>Datum objave</h2>\n<p>datum kada je informativna cjelina izvorno objavljena, postavljena ili emitirana<br>→ ukazuje na to koliko je sadržaj aktualan i je li ga možda nadmašilo novije saznanje, događaj ili razvoj</p>\n<h2>Sadržaj</h2>\n<p>ono što je zapravo rečeno, prikazano, tvrđeno ili objašnjeno u informacijskom sadržaju</p>\n<p>→ izmišljeni sadržaj, manipulirani sadržaj</p>\n<h2>Poruka</h2>\n<p>komunikativno značenje koje proizlazi iz načina na koji autor ili izdavač odabire, naglašava, uokviruje i strukturira sadržaj → gledišta / stavovi</p>\n<h2>Pregled</h2>\n<p>kompaktni vizualni prikaz informacijske jedinice, koji obično kombinira naslov, isječak, domenu/URL i ponekad minijaturu — koristi se u feedovima, rezultatima pretraživanja i kada se poveznice dijele na društvenim mrežama ili u aplikacijama za razmjenu poruka</p>\n<h2>Isječak</h2>\n<p>kratka opisna tekstualna komponenta unutar pregleda — obično jedna ili dvije rečenice izvučene ili generirane iz sadržaja temeljnog informacijskog elementa</p>\n<h2>Referenca</h2>\n<p>informativna cjelina ili izvor koji je naveden, citiran, povezan ili spomenut unutar druge informativne cjeline<br>→ omogućuje praćenje informacija natrag do njihovog izvora<br>→ praćenje referenci ključna je strategija za procjenu pouzdanosti</p>\n<h1>Izvor</h1>\n<p>porijeklo informacijske jedinice — koristi se u dva smisla:</p>\n<p><strong>kao sudionik:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>strogo: autor ili tvorac koji je proizveo sadržaj\n</li>\n<li>u širem smislu: informacijsko okruženje u kojem se pojavljuje\n</li>\n<li>u svakodnevnoj upotrebi: čak i osoba, račun ili bot koji su ga podijelili s vama (&quot;distributor&quot;)\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>kao stavka:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>sam informacijski predmet, klasificiran prema stupnju posredovanja (primarno, sekundarno, tercijarno) i prema vrsti izvora\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Stvoritelj sadržaja / Autor <code>{{creator}}</code></h2>\n<p>osoba ili organizacija koja stvara izvorni sadržaj informacijske jedinice <br>→ može biti identificirana, pseudonimna ili anonimna</p>\n<h2>Razina posredovanja</h2>\n<p>Razina posredovanja pokazuje koliko je informacijska cjelina udaljena od izvornog materijala — a time i koliko je koraka odabira, tumačenja i potencijalne distorzije između.</p>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-warning\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Warning\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20ZM12 15C12.5523 15 13 15.4477 13 16C13 16.5523 12.5523 17 12 17C11.4477 17 11 16.5523 11 16C11 15.4477 11.4477 15 12 15ZM12 14C13 14 13 13 13 13L13 10.5L13 8C13 8 13 7 12 7C11 7 11 8 11 8L11 13C11 13 11 14 12 14Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p>Razina posredovanja ne određuje pouzdanost ili vjerodostojnost. <br>→ Primarni izvor može biti pristran, nepotpun ili netočan (npr. iskaz očevidca, zbunjujući skup podataka). <br>→ Sekundarni izvor može biti pouzdaniji od primarnog materijala o kojem izvještava (npr. članak provjeren činjenicama koji ispravlja tvrdnje političara).</p></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<table><thead><tr>\n<th>Razina posredovanja</th>\n<th>Epistemička bliskost / odnos prema izvornom informativnom sadržaju</th>\n<th>Primjeri</th>\n</tr></thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><h3>Primarni izvor</h3></td>\n<td>Izravno predstavlja, dokumentira, analizira ili tumači <strong>izvorne informacije:</strong> sirove podatke, izvorne događaje ili neposredno iskustvo</td>\n<td>Istraživačko izvješće Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije, svjedočanstvo, izvorni skup podataka, parlamentarna govor</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><h3>Sekundarni izvor</h3></td>\n<td>Reference i izvještaji o primarnim informacijama analiziraju, tumače, komentiraju ili preoblikuju jednu ili više takvih informacija</td>\n<td>Novinski članak o izvješću WHO-a, poglavlje udžbenika koje sažima rezultate istraživanja, objava na društvenim mrežama koja citira znanstvenu studiju i komentira citat</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><h3>Tercijarni izvor</h3></td>\n<td>Reference, prikuplja ili sažima više primarnih i/ili sekundarnih informacijskih jedinica, obično bez iznošenja novih originalnih informacija</td>\n<td>TikTok video koji reagira na tweet koji je komentirao znanstvenu studiju, članak na Wikipediji, pregled enciklopedije</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<h2>Vrste izvora</h2>\n<table><thead><tr>\n<th><strong>Vrsta</strong><br><strong>izvora:</strong> Koju vrstu izvora predstavlja?</th>\n<th><strong>Autori / Kreatori</strong><br>Tko je obično iza njega?</th>\n<th><strong>Primarna svrha</strong><br>Koja je njihova glavna svrha?</th>\n<th><strong>Komunikacijske namjere</strong><br>Kako obično komuniciraju?</th>\n<th><strong>Pregled</strong><br><strong>prije objave</strong> Koliko se pažljivo provjeravaju informacije prije objave?</th>\n<th><strong>Implikacije za pouzdanost i vjerodostojnost</strong><br>Kako to utječe na pouzdanost i vjerodostojnost?</th>\n<th><strong>Žanrovi</strong><br>Koje formate obično imaju informativni elementi u ovoj vrsti izvora?</th>\n</tr></thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Akademski / obrazovni</strong></td>\n<td>-<br>Sveučilišta- Istraživačke<br>ustanove-<br>Škole- Znanstveni izdavači</td>\n<td>-<br>Proizvodnja znanja- Obrazovanje</td>\n<td>-<br>Informiranje-<br>Objašnjavanje- Dokumentiranje dokaza</td>\n<td>Često su formalno recenzirani, iako razina recenzije varira.</td>\n<td>Često su jači u korištenju dokaza i dokumentaciji, ali nalazi mogu biti preliminarni, uskog opsega ili nadmašeni novijim istraživanjima.</td>\n<td>- Članak u<br>časopisu-<br>Udžbenik-<br>Snimka predavanja- Enciklopedijski članak</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Komercijalno / Promocijsko</strong></td>\n<td>-<br>Tvrtke- Marke-<br>Industrijska<br>udruženja- Sponzorirani kreatori</td>\n<td>- Profit-<br>Tržišni<br>položaj- Reputacija</td>\n<td>-<br>Promicanje-<br>Prodaja- Izgradnja povjerenja u brend</td>\n<td>Obično se interno pregledava radi brend, pravnih ili marketinških svrha.</td>\n<td>Profesionalno proizvedeno i oblikovano komercijalnim interesima; marketing i informacije su često zamagljeni.</td>\n<td>- Sponzorirana<br>objava- Blog<br>brenda-<br>Mikrosajt proizvoda- Korporativno priopćenje za medije</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pojedinačni / Osobni</strong></td>\n<td>- Privatne<br>osobe- Neovisni<br>kreatori- Osobne mreže</td>\n<td>-<br>Samoiskazivanje-<br>Dijeljenje-<br>Mišljenje-<br>Iskustvo- …</td>\n<td>-<br>Izražavanje-<br>Dijeljenje-<br>Komentiranje- Zabava</td>\n<td>Obično se ne pregledava službeno prije objave.</td>\n<td>Mogu ponuditi izravne perspektive, ali pouzdanost, stručnost i odgovornost znatno variraju.</td>\n<td>- Osobni blog-<br>Komentar<br>na forumu- Privatna<br>poruka- Osobni video</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Novinarski</strong></td>\n<td>- Novinske<br>organizacije- Uredništva-<br>Neovisni novinari</td>\n<td>- Javno<br>izvještavanje- Doseg publike</td>\n<td>-<br>Izvještavanje-<br>Tumačenje-<br>Istraživanje- Komentiranje</td>\n<td>Često je uređivački pregledano, iako se standardi razlikuju.</td>\n<td>Može pružiti provjeravano i kontekstualizirano izvještavanje, ali kvaliteta varira ovisno o mediju, žanru, brzini i komercijalnom pritisku.</td>\n<td>- Novinski<br>članak-<br>Reportaža- Osvrt-<br><br>Uvodnik- Istraživački podcast</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Filantropske / usmjerene na pružanje usluga</strong></td>\n<td>- Humanitarne<br>organizacije- Dobrotvorne<br>zaklade- Neprofitne organizacije usmjerene na pružanje usluga</td>\n<td>- Javno dobro-<br><br>Pomoć- Socijalna skrb</td>\n<td>-<br>Informiranje-<br>Podrška- Koordinacija<br>pomoći- Podizanje svijesti</td>\n<td>Često se provodi interna revizija, iako standardi variraju.</td>\n<td>Često vođeni misijom i utemeljeni na praktičnom iskustvu, ali opseg, neovisnost i upotreba dokaza variraju.</td>\n<td>-<br>Stranica programa pomoći-<br>Izvješće o projektu zaklade- Bilten dobrotvorne organizacije</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Političko / zagovaranje</strong></td>\n<td>-<br>Stranke-<br>Kampanje- Zagovaračke<br>skupine-<br>Aktivisti- Lobističke skupine</td>\n<td>-<br>Zagovaranje-<br>Uvjeravanje- Mobilizacija</td>\n<td>-<br>Uvjeravanje- Vršenje<br>pritiska- Postavljanje<br>dnevnog reda- Mobilizacija</td>\n<td>Obično se strateški pregledava kako bi se podržao stav ili kampanja.</td>\n<td>Važno za javnu raspravu, ali često oblikovano zagovaranjem, uvjeravanjem ili institucionalnim interesima.</td>\n<td>- Stranački program-<br>Oglas<br>kampanje- Manifest-<br>Lobi-dokument</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Profesionalno / Temeljeno na članstvu</strong></td>\n<td>- Strukovna<br>udruženja-<br>Sindikati- Gospodarske<br>komore- Znanstvena društva</td>\n<td>- Interesi<br>članova- Strukovni standardi</td>\n<td>-<br>Zastupanje- Utvrđivanje<br>standarda-<br>Koordinacija- Informiranje članova</td>\n<td>Često se interno provjerava točnost i dosljednost.</td>\n<td>Često se temelji na stručnom znanju, ali perspektiva može odražavati interese članova, a ne širi javni interes.</td>\n<td>- Strukovne<br>smjernice- Bilten<br>za članove- Analitički dokument-<br>Izvješće sektora</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Javno / Službeno</strong></td>\n<td>-<br>Vlade-<br>Ministarstva- Javna<br>tijela- Međunarodne organizacije</td>\n<td>- Javni mandat-<br><br>Regulacija- Politika</td>\n<td>-<br>Obavještavanje-<br>Reguliranje-<br>Legitimiranje- Informiranje javnosti</td>\n<td>Obično se formalno pregledava i odobrava prije objave.</td>\n<td>Često autoritativni u pogledu službenih stavova i odluka, ali mogu biti selektivni, strateški ili usmjereni na samoprezentaciju.</td>\n<td>- Dokument o<br>politici- Službena<br>izjava-<br>Stranica s najčešćim pitanjima- Izvješće ministarstva</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-info\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Info\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M20 12C20 7.58172 16.4183 4 12 4C7.58172 4 4 7.58172 4 12C4 16.4183 7.58172 20 12 20C16.4183 20 20 16.4183 20 12ZM11 8C11 8.55228 11.4477 9 12 9C12.5523 9 13 8.55228 13 8C13 7.44772 12.5523 7 12 7C11.4477 7 11 7.44772 11 8ZM12 10C13 10 13 11 13 11V16C13 16 13 17 12 17C11 17 11 16 11 16V11C11 11 11 11 10.5 11C10 11 10 10 10 10H12Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p>Žanrovi nisu isključivi samo za jednu kategoriju izvora. Bilten, na primjer, može biti komercijalne, filantropske ili profesionalne prirode. Sam žanr nije dovoljan pokazatelj pouzdanosti ili vjerodostojnosti.</p></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h2>Pouzdanost izvora</h2>\n<p>Moderno znanje je toliko specijalizirano da nijedna osoba ne može neovisno provjeriti sve tvrdnje. Moramo se oslanjati na <strong>stručnjake</strong> i na <strong>vjerodostojne izvore</strong>. No, to oslanjanje je dobro samo onoliko koliko je naša sposobnost da prepoznamo tko je doista stručnjak i koji su izvori nastali u uvjetima koji podržavaju vjerodostojnost.</p>\n<p>Tri komplementarna kuta podržavaju ovu prosudbu:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Urednička provjera</strong><br>načina na koji je izvor nastao\n</li>\n<li><strong>Provjera</strong><br><strong>činjenica</strong> – provjera određenih tvrdnji\n<ul>\n<li>od urednika prije objave, ili\n</li>\n<li>od strane neovisnih organizacija naknadno\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><br><strong>Bočno čitanje</strong>: vlastita istraga primatelja izvora: napuštanje samog izvora i provjera što pouzdane neovisne reference o njemu kažu\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Urednička provjera</h3>\n<p>Formalni postupak prije objave kojim se informativni sadržaji odabiru za objavu, oblikuju, mijenjaju ili izostavljaju — i kroz koji se njihov sadržaj provjerava u pogledu kvalitete prema standardima izdavača prije nego što dospije do javnosti.</p>\n<p>Urednička recenzija stoga objedinjuje dvije funkcije:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Odabir i oblikovanje: odlučivanje koje će se informacije objaviti, kako će biti oblikovane i što će biti izostavljeno\n</li>\n<li>Kontrola kvalitete i provjera činjenica: provjera točnosti, izvora i dokaza\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Strogost varira — od neformalnog uređivanja od strane jedne osobe do formalne višestupanjske recenzije. U tradicionalnim kontekstima objavljivanja, te su uloge obično obavljale odvojene jedinice — novinar (kreator sadržaja) i uredništvo novina (urednik sadržaja). Recenzija u akademskom objavljivanju specijalizirani je oblik.</p>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-warning\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Warning\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20ZM12 15C12.5523 15 13 15.4477 13 16C13 16.5523 12.5523 17 12 17C11.4477 17 11 16.5523 11 16C11 15.4477 11.4477 15 12 15ZM12 14C13 14 13 13 13 13L13 10.5L13 8C13 8 13 7 12 7C11 7 11 8 11 8L11 13C11 13 11 14 12 14Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p><strong>Urednički pregled nije neutralan.</strong><br>Formalni proces i rigorozna provjera kvalitete ne isključuju pristranost. Uredničke odluke odražavaju motive, interese i uredničku liniju izdavačke organizacije — njezinu misiju, vlasništvo, financiranje i ciljanu publiku. Isti članak može biti pažljivo provjeren <em>i</em> oblikovan na načine koji služe izdavačevim ciljevima. Kvaliteta i pristranost nisu međusobno isključivi. To je <strong>urednička selekcija (Editorial Gatekeeping)</strong> na djelu. Sličnu funkciju na digitalnim platformama obavlja algoritamska selekcija (Algorithmic Gatekeeping).</p></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>U digitalnim okruženjima granice se pomiču. Urednička uloga često se zaobilazi — svatko tko ima račun može objavljivati ili dijeliti informacije bez uredničke provjere ili institucionalne podrške. Istovremeno, uloga <mark class=\"scilmi-highlight\">operatera</mark> postaje sve istaknutija: <mark class=\"scilmi-highlight\">algoritamska kuracija, sponzorirani sadržaj i sustavi preporuka</mark> oblikuju vidljivost na načine na koje to tradicionalne distribucijske mreže nisu činile.</p>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-warning\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Warning\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20ZM12 15C12.5523 15 13 15.4477 13 16C13 16.5523 12.5523 17 12 17C11.4477 17 11 16.5523 11 16C11 15.4477 11.4477 15 12 15ZM12 14C13 14 13 13 13 13L13 10.5L13 8C13 8 13 7 12 7C11 7 11 8 11 8L11 13C11 13 11 14 12 14Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p>Pouzdanost informativnog sadržaja ovisi o njegovom autoru i uredničkoj provjeri koju je prošao — a ne o onome tko ga je podijelio.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>retweetani članak: račun koji ga je podijelio nije njegov autor — iza članka stoji zaseban autor\n</li>\n<li>bot koji objavljuje poveznicu: bot koji ju je objavio nije njezin tvorac — poveznica ima vlastitog tvorca\n</li>\n</ul></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h3>Provjera činjenica {\\[provjeritelj činjenica\\]}</h3>\n<p>Praksa provjere činjeničnih tvrdnji u informacijskim jedinicama.</p>\n<p>Provjera činjenica postoji u dva različita konteksta:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Predobjavljivanje</strong>: specijalizirana urednička uloga unutar izdavačkih organizacija, koja provjerava tvrdnje prije nego što budu objavljene\n</li>\n<li><strong>Post-objavljivanje</strong>: neovisne organizacije (vidi dolje) koje ocjenjuju već objavljene tvrdnje i u odgovoru na njih proizvode vlastite informacijske sadržaje\n</li>\n</ul>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-info\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Info\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M20 12C20 7.58172 16.4183 4 12 4C7.58172 4 4 7.58172 4 12C4 16.4183 7.58172 20 12 20C16.4183 20 20 16.4183 20 12ZM11 8C11 8.55228 11.4477 9 12 9C12.5523 9 13 8.55228 13 8C13 7.44772 12.5523 7 12 7C11.4477 7 11 7.44772 11 8ZM12 10C13 10 13 11 13 11V16C13 16 13 17 12 17C11 17 11 16 11 16V11C11 11 11 11 10.5 11C10 11 10 10 10 10H12Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><h4>AFP Fact Check (Francuska)</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jezici:</strong> engleski, francuski\n</li>\n<li><strong>Fokus</strong>: n. primjera sumnjivih slika, videozapisa, službenih izjava i drugih dezinformacija koje se pojavljuju na internetu\n</li>\n<li><strong>Financiranje:</strong> djelomično subvencionirano od strane francuske vlade, također prima izravnu potporu od Facebooka.\n</li>\n<li><strong>Poveznica:</strong>\n<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;factcheck.afp.com&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://factcheck.afp.com/</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>BBC Reality Check (Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo)</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jezik:</strong> engleski\n</li>\n<li><strong>Fokus:</strong> glasine i tvrdnje s novinskih stranica ili društvenih mreža\n</li>\n<li><strong>Financiranje:</strong> javno financirano\n</li>\n<li><strong>Poveznica:</strong>\n<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;www.bbc.com&#x2f;news&#x2f;reality_check\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.bbc.com/news/reality_check</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Correctiv (Njemačka)</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jezici</strong>: njemački; također objavljuje na arapskom, engleskom, francuskom, ruskom i turskom putem partnerskih medija\n</li>\n<li><strong>Fokus</strong>: dezinformacije i dezinformiranje, istraživačko novinarstvo\n<p><strong>Financiranje</strong>: donacije (glavni donatori uključuju Luminate, Brost-Stiftung, Open Society Foundations, Google, Deutsche Telekom); komercijalna podružnica prima naknadu od Facebooka za provjeru činjenica</p>\n</li>\n<li>\nPoveznica:<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;correctiv.org&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://correctiv.org/</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>dpa-Faktencheck (Njemačka)</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jezici</strong>: njemački, nizozemski, francuski (Njemačka, Austrija, Švicarska, Nizozemska, Belgija, Luksemburg)\n</li>\n<li><strong>Fokus</strong>: tvrdnje od javnog značaja; političke izjave i viralni sadržaj\n</li>\n<li><strong>Financiranje</strong>: novinska agencija financirana tržišno; manja projektna financiranja (Google News Initiative, EU); Meta suradnja označena po provjeri činjenica\n</li>\n<li><strong>Poveznica</strong>\n:<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;dpa-factchecking.com&#x2f;germany&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://dpa-factchecking.com/germany/</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>FactCheck.org (Sjedinjene Američke Države)</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jezik</strong>: engleski\n</li>\n<li><strong>Fokus</strong>: američke političke tvrdnje i izjave; viralne laži\n</li>\n<li><strong>Financiranje</strong>: Annenberg Public Policy Center, Sveučilište u Pennsylvaniji, prvenstveno financira Zaklada Annenberg; partnerstvo s Metom trajalo je od 2016. do 2025.\n</li>\n<li><strong>Poveznica</strong>\n:<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;www.factcheck.org&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.factcheck.org/</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4><strong>Faktabaari (Finska)</strong></h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jezici:</strong> finski, švedski, engleski\n</li>\n<li><strong>Fokus:</strong> provjere činjenica, osobito tijekom lokalnih, nacionalnih i europskih izbora\n</li>\n<li><strong>Financiranje:</strong> prvenstveno putem bespovratnih sredstava i nagrada trećeg sektora\n</li>\n<li><strong>Poveznica:</strong>\n<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;faktabaari.fi&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://faktabaari.fi/</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Maldita.es (Španjolska)</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jezik</strong>: španjolski\n</li>\n<li><strong>Fokus</strong>: politika, znanost, zdravlje, klima, migracije, rod; vođeno zajednicom\n</li>\n<li><strong>Financiranje</strong>: neprofitna zaklada; donacije, članarine, partnerstva s platformama (Meta, Google), istraživački projekti EU\n</li>\n<li><strong>Poveznica</strong>\n:<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;maldita.es&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://maldita.es/</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Pagella Politica (Italija)</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jezik</strong>: talijanski\n</li>\n<li><strong>Fokus</strong>: izjave talijanskih političara (sestrinska stranica Facta.news pokriva viralne dezinformacije)\n</li>\n<li><strong>Financiranje</strong>: privatna tvrtka; prihodi od medijskih klijenata, partnerstvo s Metom (putem Facta.news), financiranje iz EU i Erasmus+ projekata\n</li>\n<li><strong>Poveznica</strong>\n:<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;pagellapolitica.it&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://pagellapolitica.it/</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4><strong>Reuters Fact Check</strong> (UK)</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jezik</strong>: engleski\n</li>\n<li><strong>Fokus</strong>: Vizualni materijal, tvrdnje objavljene na društvenim mrežama\n</li>\n<li><strong>Financiranje</strong>: Reuters, Facebook pruža financijsku podršku\n</li>\n<li><strong>Poveznica</strong>\n:<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;www.reuters.com&#x2f;fact-check&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Snopes (SAD)</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jezik</strong>: engleski\n</li>\n<li><strong>Fokus</strong>: urbane legende, internetske glasine, američke političke i društvene tvrdnje\n</li>\n<li><strong>Financiranje</strong>: neovisna medijska tvrtka; oglašavanje i pretplate članova; prethodno partnerstvo s Metom završeno 2019.\n</li>\n<li><strong>Poveznica</strong>\n:<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;www.snopes.com&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.snopes.com/</a>\n</li>\n</ul></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-warning\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Warning\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20ZM12 15C12.5523 15 13 15.4477 13 16C13 16.5523 12.5523 17 12 17C11.4477 17 11 16.5523 11 16C11 15.4477 11.4477 15 12 15ZM12 14C13 14 13 13 13 13L13 10.5L13 8C13 8 13 7 12 7C11 7 11 8 11 8L11 13C11 13 11 14 12 14Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p>Većina velikih organizacija za provjeru činjenica prima financiranje ili partnerske naknade od velikih digitalnih platformi (posebno Mete/Facebooka). Taj je odnos otvoreno objavljen, ali zahtijeva kritičko promišljanje.</p></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-tip\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Tip\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"M12,16.1500001 L8.79729751,17.8337604 L8.79729751,17.8337604 C8.30845292,18.0907612 7.70382577,17.9028147 7.44682496,17.4139701 C7.34448589,17.2193097 7.30917121,16.9963416 7.34634806,16.779584 L7.95800981,13.2133223 L5.36696906,10.6876818 L5.36696906,10.6876818 C4.97148548,10.3021806 4.96339318,9.66906733 5.34889439,9.27358375 C5.50240299,9.11610012 5.70354541,9.01361294 5.92118244,8.98198843 L9.50191268,8.46167787 L11.1032639,5.21698585 L11.1032639,5.21698585 C11.3476862,4.72173219 11.9473121,4.51839319 12.4425657,4.76281548 C12.6397783,4.86014572 12.7994058,5.01977324 12.8967361,5.21698585 L14.4980873,8.46167787 L18.0788176,8.98198843 L18.0788176,8.98198843 C18.6253624,9.06140605 19.0040439,9.5688489 18.9246263,10.1153938 C18.8930018,10.3330308 18.7905146,10.5341732 18.6330309,10.6876818 L16.0419902,13.2133223 L16.6536519,16.779584 L16.6536519,16.779584 C16.747013,17.3239204 16.3814251,17.8408763 15.8370887,17.9342373 C15.620331,17.9714142 15.397363,17.9360995 15.2027025,17.8337604 L12,16.1500001 Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p>Mjesečni sažeci provjere činjenica EDMO-a: <a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;edmo.eu&#x2f;resources&#x2f;fact-checking-publications&#x2f;fact-checking-briefs&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://edmo.eu/resources/fact-checking-publications/fact-checking-briefs/</a></p></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h3>Bočno čitanje</h3>\n<p>Bočno čitanje je strategija procjene izvora poput provjeravatelja činjenica.</p>\n<p>Početni fokus je na propitivanju izvora (tko stoji iza sadržaja), a ne samog sadržaja. Umjesto da čitate vertikalno — ostanete na web-stranici i analizirate je odozgo prema dolje — brzo napuštate stranicu, tražite ime izvora i provjeravate što druge pouzdane stranice o njemu kažu. Ako izvor djeluje nepouzdano, ne gubite vrijeme na njega. Pronađite bolji izvor.</p>\n<p>Isti bočni pristup također se primjenjuje na provjeru digitalnih platformi, određenih tvrdnji, citata ili statistika unutar sadržaja: napustite stranicu i potražite neovisnu potvrdu.</p>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-tip\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Tip\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"M12,16.1500001 L8.79729751,17.8337604 L8.79729751,17.8337604 C8.30845292,18.0907612 7.70382577,17.9028147 7.44682496,17.4139701 C7.34448589,17.2193097 7.30917121,16.9963416 7.34634806,16.779584 L7.95800981,13.2133223 L5.36696906,10.6876818 L5.36696906,10.6876818 C4.97148548,10.3021806 4.96339318,9.66906733 5.34889439,9.27358375 C5.50240299,9.11610012 5.70354541,9.01361294 5.92118244,8.98198843 L9.50191268,8.46167787 L11.1032639,5.21698585 L11.1032639,5.21698585 C11.3476862,4.72173219 11.9473121,4.51839319 12.4425657,4.76281548 C12.6397783,4.86014572 12.7994058,5.01977324 12.8967361,5.21698585 L14.4980873,8.46167787 L18.0788176,8.98198843 L18.0788176,8.98198843 C18.6253624,9.06140605 19.0040439,9.5688489 18.9246263,10.1153938 C18.8930018,10.3330308 18.7905146,10.5341732 18.6330309,10.6876818 L16.0419902,13.2133223 L16.6536519,16.779584 L16.6536519,16.779584 C16.747013,17.3239204 16.3814251,17.8408763 15.8370887,17.9342373 C15.620331,17.9714142 15.397363,17.9360995 15.2027025,17.8337604 L12,16.1500001 Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p>Ne pokušavajte procijeniti izvor samo čitanjem. Napustite ga. Koristite ostatak interneta da biste saznali što je to.</p></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-success\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Success\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 20C16.4183 20 20 16.4183 20 12C20 7.58172 16.4183 4 12 4C7.58172 4 4 7.58172 4 12C4 16.4183 7.58172 20 12 20ZM9.26825 11.3599L10.9587 13.3885L14.7 8.40006C15.0314 7.95823 15.6582 7.86869 16.1 8.20006C16.5419 8.53143 16.6314 9.15823 16.3 9.60006L11.8 15.6001C11.4128 16.1164 10.645 16.1361 10.2318 15.6402L7.7318 12.6402C7.37824 12.216 7.43556 11.5854 7.85984 11.2318C8.28412 10.8783 8.91468 10.9356 9.26825 11.3599Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><ul>\n<li><strong>Napustite web-stranicu.</strong> Otvorite novu karticu (Cmd-Click / Ctrl-Click) i pretražite internet po nazivu.  Koristite točne pojmove za pretraživanje — stavite nazive u navodnike. Dodajte specifične pojmove s kontrolnih popisa u nastavku kako biste se usredotočili na određenu točku (npr. &quot;Employment Policies Institute&quot; + &quot;izvori financiranja&quot;).\n</li>\n<li><strong>Ograničite klikanje.</strong> Nemojte kliknuti na prvi rezultat. Pregledajte isječke i URL-ove nekoliko rezultata; tražite unose na neovisnim referentnim stranicama (Wikipedia, SourceWatch, etablirani mediji).\n</li>\n<li><strong>Potvrdite.</strong> Na pouzdanim vanjskim stranicama upotrijebite prečac za pretraživanje na stranici (Command+F) kako biste brzo pronašli imena ili ključne pojmove za provjeru.\n</li>\n</ul></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h4>☑ Autorova stručnost i kvalifikacije</h4>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-success\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Success\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 20C16.4183 20 20 16.4183 20 12C20 7.58172 16.4183 4 12 4C7.58172 4 4 7.58172 4 12C4 16.4183 7.58172 20 12 20ZM9.26825 11.3599L10.9587 13.3885L14.7 8.40006C15.0314 7.95823 15.6582 7.86869 16.1 8.20006C16.5419 8.53143 16.6314 9.15823 16.3 9.60006L11.8 15.6001C11.4128 16.1164 10.645 16.1361 10.2318 15.6402L7.7318 12.6402C7.37824 12.216 7.43556 11.5854 7.85984 11.2318C8.28412 10.8783 8.91468 10.9356 9.26825 11.3599Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p><strong>Identificiranost</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Ime autora i profesionalna uloga</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Kontaktne informacije (npr. institucionalna e-pošta, profesionalna web-stranica)</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Provjerljiv profesionalni profil (npr. ResearchGate, stranica institucije, LinkedIn)</span>\n<p><strong>Kvalifikacije i stručnost u predmetnom području</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Obrazovna pozadina relevantna temi</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Profesionalno iskustvo u području teme</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Specijalizacija u određenom području o kojem se raspravlja</span>\n<p><strong>Institucionalna podrška, financiranje i pristranost</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Pripadnost prepoznatljivoj instituciji ili organizaciji</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Pozicija autora unutar institucije</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Otkriveni izvori financiranja i sukobi interesa</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Pripadnost skupinama ili organizacijama koje imaju određeni program</span>\n<p><strong>Povijest objavljivanja</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Ostale publikacije autora na temu</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Publikacije u recenziranim časopisima</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Citiranja autorovih radova u drugim vjerodostojnim izvorima</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Članstvo u priznatim profesionalnim ili akademskim organizacijama</span>\n<p><strong>Nedavnost i kontinuitet</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Nedavne publikacije u području</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Kontinuitet stručnosti</span>\n</li>\n</ul></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-warning\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Warning\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20ZM12 15C12.5523 15 13 15.4477 13 16C13 16.5523 12.5523 17 12 17C11.4477 17 11 16.5523 11 16C11 15.4477 11.4477 15 12 15ZM12 14C13 14 13 13 13 13L13 10.5L13 8C13 8 13 7 12 7C11 7 11 8 11 8L11 13C11 13 11 14 12 14Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p>Pokazatelji zahtijevaju tumačenje. Neki se signali lako mogu protumačiti krivo. <br>→ Slava nije vjerodostojnost. Javna vidljivost, medijska prisutnost ili veliki broj pratitelja ne znače stručnost o određenoj temi. <br>→ Visok broj citata sam po sebi nije vjerodostojnost. Često citirani radovi također se mogu često osporavati — kontekst citata je važan. → Institucionalna pripadnost sama po sebi nije vjerodostojnost. Institucije mogu imati vlastite ciljeve ili pristranosti i trebale bi se ispitati zajedno s autorom.<br>→ Iznenadni prijelaz na teme izvan autorove prethodne stručnosti nije automatski znak upozorenja, ali zahtijeva bliže ispitivanje.</p></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h4>☑ Reputacija organizacije</h4>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-success\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Success\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 20C16.4183 20 20 16.4183 20 12C20 7.58172 16.4183 4 12 4C7.58172 4 4 7.58172 4 12C4 16.4183 7.58172 20 12 20ZM9.26825 11.3599L10.9587 13.3885L14.7 8.40006C15.0314 7.95823 15.6582 7.86869 16.1 8.20006C16.5419 8.53143 16.6314 9.15823 16.3 9.60006L11.8 15.6001C11.4128 16.1164 10.645 16.1361 10.2318 15.6402L7.7318 12.6402C7.37824 12.216 7.43556 11.5854 7.85984 11.2318C8.28412 10.8783 8.91468 10.9356 9.26825 11.3599Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><h4>Financiranje i pripadnost</h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Izvori financiranja i donatori (matične organizacije, sponzori ili PR tvrtke iza organizacije)</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Otkrivanje izvora financiranja i sukoba interesa</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Političke, industrijske ili ideološke pripadnosti</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Uredničke prakse i odgovornost</h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Pravila o ispravcima ili povlačenju</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Imenovano uredništvo ili medijator</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Razdvajanje uredničkog, novinskog i oglašivačkog ili financijskog sadržaja</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Transparentnost u pogledu metoda provjere</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Identitet i vrsta</h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Vrsta organizacije (akademska, novinarska, zagovaračka, komercijalna, vladina — vidi kategorije izvora)</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Paravan organizacije ili prikrivene web-stranice: predstavlja li organizacija doista ono što se čini ili služi kao paravan za neke druge interese</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Dosadašnji uspjesi i ugled</h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Dužina djelovanja i kontinuitet fokusa</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Kako neovisne referentne stranice opisuju organizaciju (Wikipedia, SourceWatch, provjeravatelji činjenica, etablirani mediji)</span>\n</li>\n<li class=\"scilmi-task-item\"><input type=\"checkbox\" disabled><span>Dokumentirane kontroverze, ocjene provjere činjenica ili kritičko izvještavanje</span>\n</li>\n</ul></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-warning\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Warning\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20ZM12 15C12.5523 15 13 15.4477 13 16C13 16.5523 12.5523 17 12 17C11.4477 17 11 16.5523 11 16C11 15.4477 11.4477 15 12 15ZM12 14C13 14 13 13 13 13L13 10.5L13 8C13 8 13 7 12 7C11 7 11 8 11 8L11 13C11 13 11 14 12 14Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p>Pokazatelji zahtijevaju tumačenje. Neki se signali lako mogu krivo protumačiti. <br>→ Status neprofitne organizacije sam po sebi ne jamči vjerodostojnost. Mnoge zagovaračke i paravan organizacije djeluju kao neprofitne organizacije. <br>→ Samo profesionalan dizajn i dotjerana web stranica ne jamče vjerodostojnost. Dizajn web stranica nadmašio je naše metode procjene. <br>→ Samo duga povijest djelovanja nije pouzdanost — vlasništvo, financiranje i prakse mogu se promijeniti tijekom vremena. <br>→ Institucionalna povezanost sama po sebi ne jamči vjerodostojnost. Institucije mogu imati vlastite interese ili pristranosti te ih treba ispitati zajedno s organizacijom.</p></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-info\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Info\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M20 12C20 7.58172 16.4183 4 12 4C7.58172 4 4 7.58172 4 12C4 16.4183 7.58172 20 12 20C16.4183 20 20 16.4183 20 12ZM11 8C11 8.55228 11.4477 9 12 9C12.5523 9 13 8.55228 13 8C13 7.44772 12.5523 7 12 7C11.4477 7 11 7.44772 11 8ZM12 10C13 10 13 11 13 11V16C13 16 13 17 12 17C11 17 11 16 11 16V11C11 11 11 11 10.5 11C10 11 10 10 10 10H12Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><ul>\n<li>\nCaulfield, Mike. 2017. <em>Web Literacy for Student Fact Checkers</em>\n.<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;pressbooks.pub&#x2f;webliteracy&#x2f;front-matter&#x2f;web-strategies-for-student-fact-checkers&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://pressbooks.pub/webliteracy/front-matter/web-strategies-for-student-fact-checkers/</a>\n</li>\n<li>\nCaulfield, Mike. 2019. &quot;SIFT (The Four Moves)&quot;.<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;hapgood.us&#x2f;2019&#x2f;06&#x2f;19&#x2f;sift-the-four-moves&#x2f;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://hapgood.us/2019/06/19/sift-the-four-moves/</a>\n</li>\n<li>\nDaniels, J. (2009). Cloaked websites: Propaganda, cyber-racism and epistemology in the digital era. New Media &amp; Society, 11(5), 659–683. <a href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;doi.org&#x2f;10.1177&#x2f;1461444809105345\" class=\"use-hover-preview\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809105345</a>\n</li>\n<li>\nHarris, R. (2020). Procjena internetskih istraživačkih izvora. VirtualSalt. Dostupno na:<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;www.virtualsalt.com&#x2f;evalu8it.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm</a>\n</li>\n<li>Osborne, J., Pimentel, D., Alberts, B., Allchin, D., Barzilai, S., Bergstrom, C., Coffey, J., Donovan, B., Kivinen, K., Kozyreva. A., &amp; Wineburg, S. (2022). <em>Science Education in an Age of Misinformation</em>. Stanford University, Stanford, CA.\n</li>\n<li>\nWineburg, Sam i McGrew, Sarah. 2017. &quot;Lateralno čitanje: Čitajte manje i naučite više pri procjeni digitalnih informacija&quot;. Radni dokument br. 2017.A1 / Standford History Education Group.<a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"https&#x3a;&#x2f;&#x2f;ssrn.com&#x2f;abstract&#x3d;3048994\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://ssrn.com/abstract=3048994</a>\n</li>\n</ul></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h1>Informacijska okruženja</h1>\n<p>fizički ili digitalni konteksti u kojima su informacijske jedinice dostupne i s kojima se susrećemo izravno</p>\n<table><thead><tr>\n<th>Informacijska okruženja</th>\n<th>Definicija</th>\n<th>S čime se tamo obično prvo susrećem?</th>\n</tr></thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Analogna informacijska okruženja</strong></td>\n<td>nedigitalna okruženja u kojima se ljudi izravno susreću s informacijskim jedinicama</td>\n<td>informacijske jedinice u tiskanom, prenesenom, prostornom, uživo ili usmenom obliku</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Digitalni informacijski kanali i platforme</strong></td>\n<td>digitalna okruženja u kojima se ljudi izravno susreću s informacijskim jedinicama</td>\n<td>informacijske jedinice u objavljenom, otpremljenom ili streamanom obliku</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-warning\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Warning\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20ZM12 15C12.5523 15 13 15.4477 13 16C13 16.5523 12.5523 17 12 17C11.4477 17 11 16.5523 11 16C11 15.4477 11.4477 15 12 15ZM12 14C13 14 13 13 13 13L13 10.5L13 8C13 8 13 7 12 7C11 7 11 8 11 8L11 13C11 13 11 14 12 14Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p>Granica između analognog i digitalnog okruženja sve je fluidnija: prijenosi uživo mogu se istovremeno streamati, tiskani mediji često se pojavljuju u digitalnom obliku, a događaji uživo često se emitiraju ili streamaju na internetu.</p></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h2>☑ Analogna informacijska okruženja</h2>\n<table><thead><tr>\n<th>Vrsta</th>\n<th>Definicija</th>\n<th>Tipični primjeri (slučajan susret)</th>\n<th>Tipični primjeri (susret usput)</th>\n<th>Kako ovdje dolazim do informacija?</th>\n</tr></thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Štampa / Publikacije</strong></td>\n<td>Tiskani materijali — poput novina, časopisa, knjiga, brošura, letaka, plakata ili znakova — koji se fizički distribuiraju, izlažu ili čine dostupnima za čitanje.</td>\n<td>-<br>pretplata na novine - kupnja<br>časopisa - akademski<br>udžbenik - knjiga iz knjižnice</td>\n<td>- letak u poštanskom<br>sandučiću- brošura u<br>čekaonici- besplatni list u<br>vlaku-<br>bilbord- plakat na autobusnom stajalištu</td>\n<td>- kupnjom, pretplatom ili preuzimanjem primjerka -<br>čitanjem, pregledavanjem ili listanjem -<br>ponekad primijetivši tiskani materijal postavljen u javnom prostoru</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Emitiranje i javni razglas</strong></td>\n<td>Zvučne ili zvučno-slike informacije prenesene širokoj publici putem radija, televizije, ekrana ili razglasnih sustava — bilo kao redovita programska emisija ili kao kontinuirane / situacijske najave.</td>\n<td>- TV vijesti kod<br>kuće- radijski program-<br>prijenos sportskih događaja uživo</td>\n<td>- TV zaslon u<br>čekaonici- radio u pozadini u<br>trgovini- najava preko razglasa na željezničkoj<br>postaji- razglasni sustav na zračnoj luci</td>\n<td>- podešavanjem kanala ili<br>postaje- prebacivanjem<br>kanala- ponekad boravkom na mjestu gdje se emitira ili reproducira sadržajEmitiranje i javni razglasZvučne ili zvučno-slike informacije prenesene široj publici putem radija, televizije, ekrana ili sustava javnog razglasa — bilo kao redovni program ili kao kontinuirane / situacijske objave.- TV vijesti kod kuće- radijski program- prijenos sportskih događaja uživo- TV ekran u čekaonici- pozadinski radio u trgovini- najava preko razglasa na željezničkoj postaji- sustav javnog razglasa na zračnoj luci</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Instalacije, spomenici i izložbe</strong></td>\n<td>Prostorni, statični i obično trajni ili polutrajni predmeti, strukture ili prikazi postavljeni u javnim ili institucionalnim prostorima radi informiranja, obilježavanja ili izražavanja.</td>\n<td>- muzejski<br>izložak- posjet<br>spomen-mjestu- galerijska<br>instalacija- informativni paviljon</td>\n<td>- spomenik u javnom parku-<br><br>spomen-ploča- privremena javna umjetnička instalacija</td>\n<td>- posjetom prostoru u kojem se nalaze -<br>ponekad prolazeći pored njih ili fizičkom prisutnošću na mjestu gdje su postavljeni</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Događaji uživo i javne akcije</strong></td>\n<td>Vremenski ograničeni, živi skupovi ili akcije koje uključuju ljude — organizirane da informiraju, uvjere, izraze, obilježe ili mobiliziraju.</td>\n<td>-<br>konferencija-<br>predavanje- kazališna<br>predstava-<br>događaj kampanje- planirana demonstracija</td>\n<td>- ulični<br>prosvjed-<br>flashmob- informativni<br>štand- prosvjedni kamp-<br><br>bdijenje- ulični nastup</td>\n<td>- prisustvujući u određeno vrijeme i na određenom<br>mjestu - ponekad boraveći u blizini kada se događaj ili akcija odvija</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Osobni razgovori i usmena preporuka</strong></td>\n<td>Izravna, licem u lice razmjena informacija između pojedinaca — u privatnom, društvenom ili profesionalnom okruženju.</td>\n<td>- traženje savjeta od<br>prijatelja- razgovor za vrijeme obiteljskog<br>obroka- savjetovanje s<br>kolegom- razgovor roditelja i učitelja</td>\n<td>- prisluškivanje<br>razgovora- ležerna opaska na društvenom<br>okupljanju- usmena predaja u zajednici</td>\n<td>- razgovorom, slušanjem i postavljanjem pitanja u izravnoj osobnoj interakciji</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<h2>☑ Digitalne informacijske platforme i kanali {\\[informacijski kanal\\]} {\\[platforma\\]} {\\[kanal\\]}</h2>\n<table><thead><tr>\n<th>vrsta</th>\n<th>Definicija</th>\n<th>Tipični primjeri</th>\n<th>Tko ovdje može objavljivati informacije?</th>\n<th>Je li ono što ovdje vidim isto za sve, algoritamski personalizirano za mene ili temeljeno na mojoj vlastitoj konfiguraciji?</th>\n<th>Kako ljudi ovdje pronalaze i kreću se kroz informacije?</th>\n</tr></thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Web stranice / blogovi</strong></td>\n<td>Vlastiti online prostor pojedinca ili organizacije — poput institucionalne web-stranice, portala s vijestima, stranice tvrtke ili osobnog bloga — na kojem se sadržaj objavljuje izravno u ime vlasnika.</td>\n<td>- who.int-<br><a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"http://bbc.co.uk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bbc.co.uk</a><br>- <a class=\"notranslate\" translate=\"no\" href=\"http://greenpeace.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenpeace.org</a> - my-travelblog.eu</td>\n<td><strong>Kontrolirano</strong><br><strong>od strane</strong> vlasnika-<br>Autorizirani suradnici</td>\n<td><strong>Isto za sve</strong><br>. Sadržaj strukturira vlasnik stranice putem izbornika, kategorija i izgleda stranice</td>\n<td>- Slijedeći<br>izbornike- Klikom na<br>poveznice- Pregledavanjem odjeljaka ili<br>kategorija- Korištenjem interne pretrage, ako je<br>dostupna- Prelaskom s stranice na stranicu</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Društveni mediji</strong></td>\n<td>Mrežni digitalni prostori u kojima korisnici i organizacije objavljuju, dijele i distribuiraju sadržaj.</td>\n<td>- Facebook-<br>Instagram-<br>TikTok-<br>X-<br>LinkedIn-<br><br>Threads- Mastodon</td>\n<td><strong>Otvoreno</strong><br>- Gotovo svatko s računom -<br>Organizacije<br>- Javne osobe -<br>Oglašivači</td>\n<td><strong>Algoritamski personalizirano za mene</strong><br>. Novosti, preporuke, sadržaj u trendu i promovirane objave oblikovani su prema mom ponašanju i angažmanu</td>\n<td>- Prelistavanjem<br>feedova- Pratnjom<br>računa- Otvaranjem komentara, odgovora i<br>niti- Klikanjem na dijeljenja, repostove i<br>preporuke- Pretraživanjem hashtagova, ključnih riječi ili naziva računa</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Video / Audio platforme</strong></td>\n<td>Digitalni prostori u koje mnogi različiti korisnici ili organizacije postavljaju i dijele video ili audio sadržaj.</td>\n<td>- YouTube-<br>Vimeo-<br>SoundCloud</td>\n<td><strong>Otvoreno</strong><br>- Gotovo svatko s računom ili kanalom -<br>Organizacije<br>- Medijski<br>proizvođači - Podcasteri</td>\n<td><strong>Algoritamski personalizirano za mene</strong><br>Preporuke, automatski reprodukcijski redovi i predloženi sadržaji oblikovani su prema mojoj povijesti gledanja / slušanja</td>\n<td>- Pretraživanjem određenih<br>stavki- Kretanjem kroz popise za reprodukciju ili<br>redoslijed- Slijedeći<br>preporuke- Otvaranjem kanala, epizoda ili<br>serija- Korištenjem pretplata</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Streaming / usluge na zahtjev</strong></td>\n<td>Kurirane digitalne usluge koje nude pristup katalogu medija na zahtjev.</td>\n<td>- Netflix-<br><br>Disney+- BBC<br>iPlayer- Arte-<br>RaiPlay</td>\n<td><strong>Kurirano</strong><br>- Pružatelj usluge -<br>Ovlašteni producenti<br>- Licencirani partneri za sadržaj</td>\n<td><strong>Algoritmski personalizirano za mene</strong><br>Preporuke, istaknuti odabiri i prikaz kataloga oblikovani su prema mojoj povijesti gledanja</td>\n<td>- Pregledavanjem<br>kataloga- Odabirom s istaknutog<br>sadržaja- Nastavljanjem serija ili programa-<br>Slijedeći redove s<br>preporukama- Pretraživanjem naslova, žanrova ili kategorija</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Aplikacije za komunikaciju / razmjenu poruka</strong></td>\n<td>Privatni ili poluprivatni prostori — poput aplikacija za razmjenu poruka ili e-pošte — za izravnu razmjenu između pojedinaca ili grupa.</td>\n<td>- WhatsApp-<br>Signal-<br>Messenger-<br>Gmail-<br>Outlook</td>\n<td><strong>Pod</strong><br><strong>kontrolom</strong> <strong>sudionika</strong>- Sudionici u razgovoru-<br>Članovi<br>grupe- Pošiljatelji mailing-liste</td>\n<td><strong>Ovisno o mojoj konfiguraciji</strong><br>Ono što vidim ovisi o mojim kontaktima, razgovorima, grupama i načinu na koji ih organiziram</td>\n<td>- Otvaranjem razgovora ili<br>niti- Čitanjem kronoloških tokova<br>poruka- Slijedeći prosljeđivanja, poveznice i<br>privitke- Pretraživanjem povijesti razgovora, pošiljatelja ili ključnih riječi</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Forumi za rasprave / Prostori zajednice</strong></td>\n<td>Interaktivni prostori — poput foruma, diskusijskih ploča, odjeljaka za komentare ili grupa zajednice — gdje korisnici raspravljaju, komentiraju, postavljaju pitanja i međusobno odgovaraju.</td>\n<td>- Reddit-<br>Discord-<br>Stack<br>Overflow- Quora</td>\n<td><strong>Djelomično</strong><br><strong>otvoreno</strong>-<br>Članovi- Registrirani<br>korisnici- Moderator</td>\n<td><strong>Isto za sve / Temeljena na mojoj vlastitoj konfiguraciji</strong><br>Ono što vidim ovisi prvenstveno o tome kojim se zajednicama, poslužiteljima, forumima ili nitima pridružujem ili u koje ulazim; unutar njih, vidljivost se zatim može oblikovati glasovima, moderacijom i sortiranjem.</td>\n<td>- Pregledavanjem tema-<br>Otvaranjem odgovora i<br>podtema- Pratiti<br>obavijesti- Kretanjem između kategorija ili<br>zajednica- Pretraživanjem tema, oznaka ili naslova tema</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-info\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Info\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M20 12C20 7.58172 16.4183 4 12 4C7.58172 4 4 7.58172 4 12C4 16.4183 7.58172 20 12 20C16.4183 20 20 16.4183 20 12ZM11 8C11 8.55228 11.4477 9 12 9C12.5523 9 13 8.55228 13 8C13 7.44772 12.5523 7 12 7C11.4477 7 11 7.44772 11 8ZM12 10C13 10 13 11 13 11V16C13 16 13 17 12 17C11 17 11 16 11 16V11C11 11 11 11 10.5 11C10 11 10 10 10 10H12Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p>Neke platforme spadaju u više od jedne vrste — na primjer, Telegram (poruke + javni kanali), Discord (poruke + zajednica), Reddit (forum + društveni mediji), Spotify (streamanje + otkrivanje podcasta).</p></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h3>☑ Prepreke pristupa</h3>\n<table><thead><tr>\n<th>Prepreka</th>\n<th>Primjeri</th>\n<th>Obično isključene osobe</th>\n</tr></thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Financijske prepreke</strong></td>\n<td>- Plaćeni<br>sadržaji-<br>Naknade za pretplatu- Premium članstva</td>\n<td>- Kućanstva s<br>niskim primanjima- Studenti bez pristupa<br>institucijama- Korisnici u regijama s slabijim valutama</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Jezične barijere</strong></td>\n<td>- Strani<br>jezik- Akademski ili tehnički<br>vokabular- Složene rečenice</td>\n<td>- Ne-maternji<br>govornici- Korisnici s nižom razinom formalnog<br>obrazovanja- Mlađi korisnici</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Barijere povezane s invaliditetom</strong></td>\n<td>- Nema podrške za čitače<br>zaslona- Nema titlova ili<br>transkripata- Nizak kontrast ili mali tekst</td>\n<td>- Korisnici sa slabim<br>vidom- Korisnici sa slabim<br>sluhom- Korisnici s kognitivnim poteškoćama</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Tehničke barijere</strong></td>\n<td>- Visoki<br>zahtjevi za propusnost-<br>Potrebni su moderni uređaji- Specifičan softver ili aplikacije</td>\n<td>- Korisnici sa starijim<br>uređajima- Korisnici u ruralnim područjima s ograničenim pristupom internetu-<br>Kućanstva s niskim prihodima</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Geografske barijere</strong></td>\n<td>- Regionalna<br>ograničenja- Lokalna ograničenja platformi</td>\n<td>- Korisnici u ograničenim<br>regijama- Putnici</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Političke / regulatorne prepreke</strong></td>\n<td>- Vladina<br>cenzura- Vladine zabrane platformi ili<br>aplikacija- Sanacije ili embargo</td>\n<td>- Korisnici u zemljama s restriktivnim medijskim<br>politikama- Aktivisti, novinari, disidenti</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Prepreke vezane uz račun i identifikaciju</strong></td>\n<td>- Obavezno otvaranje<br>računa- Provjera<br>identiteta- Provjera dobi</td>\n<td>- Korisnici bez e-pošte ili<br>telefona- Korisnici bez službenog identifikacijskog<br>dokumenta- Maloljetnici bez roditeljske dozvole</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Prepreke vezane uz privatnost</strong></td>\n<td>- Obavezno dijeljenje<br>podataka-<br>Zahtjevi za praćenje- Potrebna dopuštenja za aplikaciju</td>\n<td>- Korisnici osjetljivi na privatnost- Korisnici koji izbjegavaju vladino nadgledanje- Korisnici oprezni prema prikupljanju podataka od strane korporacija</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout scilmi-callout-warning\">\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-row\" aria-label=\"Warning\">\n<span class=\"scilmi-callout-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"24px\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20ZM12 15C12.5523 15 13 15.4477 13 16C13 16.5523 12.5523 17 12 17C11.4477 17 11 16.5523 11 16C11 15.4477 11.4477 15 12 15ZM12 14C13 14 13 13 13 13L13 10.5L13 8C13 8 13 7 12 7C11 7 11 8 11 8L11 13C11 13 11 14 12 14Z\"></path></svg></span>\n<div class=\"scilmi-callout-body\"><p>Ove prepreke nisu međusobno isključive, često se preklapaju ili pojačavaju — na primjer, Veliki kineski vatrozid blokira određene platforme samo unutar te zemlje, djelujući i kao geografska i kao politička/regulatorna prepreka.</p></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h1>Sustavi za pristup informacijama</h1>\n<p>Sustavi putem kojih se neizravno pristupa informacijskim jedinicama — putem pregleda / isječaka ili putem sintetiziranih odgovora temeljenih na njima.</p>\n<table><thead><tr>\n<th>Sustavi za pristup informacijama</th>\n<th>Definicija</th>\n<th>Odakle da počnem?</th>\n<th>Što se tamo pojavljuje?</th>\n</tr></thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Sustavi za pretraživanje</td>\n<td>Sustavi koji lociraju i rangiraju informacijske stavke kao odgovor na upit korisnika, vraćajući preglede umjesto samih stavki.</td>\n<td>sučelje za pretraživanje</td>\n<td>rangirana lista pregleda:<br>-<br>naslovi - isječci<br>- URL-ovi</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sustavi za otkrivanje</td>\n<td>Sustavi koji prikazuju i uređuju informacijske stavke u feedovima ili direktorijima, vraćajući preglede umjesto samih stavki.</td>\n<td>sučelje za prikaz u streamu ili pregledavanje</td>\n<td>uredene preglede<br>:-<br>naslovi-<br>kartice- preporuke</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Generativni AI sustavi</td>\n<td>Sustavi koji generiraju ili sintetiziraju odgovore na temelju informacijskih stavki, umjesto da korisnike usmjeravaju na njih.</td>\n<td>prozor za upite</td>\n<td>generirani, sintetizirani odgovor, ponekad s navodima</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<h2>☑ Sustavi za pretraživanje {\\[tražilice\\]}</h2>\n<p>informacije kojima se pristupa neizravno putem pretraživanja <br>→ korisnici upisuju upit u sučelje za pretraživanje i dobivaju rangiranu listu pregleda koje upućuju na temeljne stavke</p>\n<table><thead><tr>\n<th>Tip</th>\n<th>Definicija</th>\n<th>Tipični primjeri</th>\n<th>Koja je moja polazna točka i kako ovdje tražim informacije?</th>\n<th>Što određuje koje se informacijske stavke prikazuju i kojim redoslijedom?</th>\n<th>Što dobivam zauzvrat?</th>\n<th>Kako mogu prijeći odavde na temeljne informacijske stavke, ako je to uopće moguće?</th>\n</tr></thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><h3><strong>Pretraživači</strong></h3></td>\n<td>Sustavi koji indeksiraju i rangiraju informacijske jedinice diljem weba na temelju upita korisnika.</td>\n<td>- Google-<br>Bing-<br><br>DuckDuckGo- Ecosia</td>\n<td>- polje za<br>pretraživanje- unosom ključnih riječi ili pitanja</td>\n<td>- moj<br>upit- algoritmi<br>za rangiranje-<br>relevantnost-<br>novost-<br>optimizacija za tražilice- ponekad personalizacija na temelju lokacije ili povijesti pretraživanja</td>\n<td><strong>Pregledi postojećih informacijskih jedinica:</strong><br>- rangirana lista rezultata s isječcima, naslovima i<br>URL-ovima - sažeci generirani umjetnom inteligencijom</td>\n<td>- klikom na poveznicu rezultata, koja me vodi izravno na informacijsku cjelinu u njezinom izvornom prostoru</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><h3><strong>Znanstvene baze podataka</strong></h3></td>\n<td>Sustavi koji čine znanstvene informacijske jedinice pretraživima i dostupnima putem pretraživanja, filtriranja i strukturiranih metapodataka.</td>\n<td>- PubMed-<br><br>JSTOR- Google Scholar-<br>ERIC</td>\n<td>- napredni obrazac za pretraživanje s<br>filtrima- unosom ključnih<br>riječi- filtriranjem<br>metapodataka- kombiniranjem polja za pretraživanje</td>\n<td>- moj<br>upit-<br>podudaranje metapodataka- broj<br>citata- rangiranje<br>relevantnosti- indeksiranje specifično za bazu podataka</td>\n<td><strong>Pregledi postojećih informacijskih jedinica:</strong><br>- bibliografski zapisi<br>- sažeci<br>- ponekad poveznice na ili izravan pristup punim tekstovima</td>\n<td>- klikom na puni tekst-<br>ponekad izravno unutar istog<br>sustava- ponekad putem vanjskog<br>izdavača- ponekad iza plaćenog zida ili institucionalnog prijava</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<h2>☑ Sustavi za otkrivanje</h2>\n<p>informacijske jedinice kojima se pristupa neizravno putem kuriranih izvora ili direktorija → korisnici pregledavaju izvor ili direktorij i vide preglede koji upućuju na temeljne jedinice</p>\n<table><thead><tr>\n<th>Tip</th>\n<th>Definicija</th>\n<th>Tipični primjeri</th>\n<th>Koja je moja polazna točka i kako ovdje tražim informacije?</th>\n<th>Što određuje koje se informacijske stavke prikazuju i kojim redoslijedom?</th>\n<th>Što dobivam zauzvrat?</th>\n<th>Kako odavde doći do temeljnih informacijskih stavki, ako je to uopće moguće?</th>\n</tr></thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Feedovi</strong></td>\n<td>Sustavi koji prikazuju kontinuirani, personalizirani tok preporučenih stavki informacija na temelju tema, interesa ili ponašanja korisnika.</td>\n<td>- Google News -<br>Google Discover -<br>Apple News -<br>Flipboard<br>- Upday<br>- Microsoft Start</td>\n<td>- personalizirani feed ili sučelje za<br>pregledavanje- listanjem<br>feeda- ponekad odabirom tema ili<br>kategorija- ponekad unosom ključnih riječi</td>\n<td>- urednička<br>kuracija- algoritamska kuracija (npr. otkrivanje trendova)<br>- algoritamska personalizacija (npr. personalizirani rangiranje, preporuke)</td>\n<td><strong>Pregledi postojećih informacijskih stavki:</strong><br>-<br>naslovi - kartice<br>-<br>isječci - minijature<br>- preporuke iz različitih izvora</td>\n<td>- dodirom ili klikom na naslov, karticu ili<br>pregled- to me vodi do informativne stavke u njezinom izvornom prostoru</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Imenci</strong></td>\n<td>Sustavi koji organiziraju informacijske stavke u kataloge pregledne po kategorijama, ljestvicama i preporukama.</td>\n<td>- Apple<br>Podcasts- Spotify<br>Podcasts- Pocket Casts</td>\n<td>- pregledni sučelje s kategorijama i<br>ljestvicama- pregledavanjem kategorija ili top lista-<br>praćenjem<br>preporuka- ponekad unosom ključnih riječi</td>\n<td>- urednička<br>kuracija- algoritamska kuracija (posebno otkrivanje trendova - &quot;ljestvice popularnosti&quot;)<br>- algoritamska personalizacija (ponekad preporuke)</td>\n<td><strong>Pregledi postojećih informacijskih stavki:</strong><br>- popisi s naslovima, opisima i popisima<br>epizoda -<br>minijature - ocjene<br>- ponekad preporuke</td>\n<td>- dodirom ili klikom na unos-<br>ponekad mogu reproducirati stavku izravno unutar<br>aplikacije- prijelaz na temeljni domaćin nije uvijek vidljiv</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<p><em>Neke platforme funkcioniraju i kao sustavi za otkrivanje i kao digitalni kanali — Apple Podcasts i Spotify Podcasts, na primjer, prikazuju podcaste hostane drugdje, ali i reproduciraju sadržaj izravno unutar aplikacije.</em></p>\n<h2>☑ Generativni sustavi umjetne inteligencije</h2>\n<p>informacijske stavke kojima se pristupa neizravno putem generativne sinteze <br>→ korisnici unose upit i dobivaju sintetizirani odgovor, ponekad s referencama na temeljne stavke</p>\n<table><thead><tr>\n<th>Vrsta</th>\n<th>Definicija</th>\n<th>Tipični primjeri</th>\n<th>Koja je moja polazna točka i kako ovdje tražim informacije?</th>\n<th>Što određuje koja se informacijska stavka prikazuje i kojim redoslijedom?</th>\n<th>Što dobivam zauzvrat?</th>\n<th>Kako odavde doći do temeljnih informacijskih stavki, ako je to uopće moguće?</th>\n</tr></thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><h3><strong>AI temeljen na podacima za obuku</strong></h3></td>\n<td>Sustavi koji generiraju odgovore na temelju obrazaca naučenih tijekom obuke, bez preuzimanja iz vanjskih izvora u stvarnom vremenu.</td>\n<td>- ChatGPT-<br>Claude-<br>Gemini</td>\n<td>- prozor za upite ili chat<br>sučelje - unosom upita, pitanja ili uputa za nastavak</td>\n<td>- moj<br>upit- temeljni model<br>sustava- podaci za obuku s prekidom znanja</td>\n<td><strong>Generirani sadržaj:</strong><br>- sintetizirani odgovor<br>- temeljen na obrascima iz podataka za<br>obuku - rijetko s navodima specifičnih izvora</td>\n<td>- generirani odgovor je obično krajnja<br>točka- temeljni izvori obično nisu dostupni</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><h3><strong>RAG* AI</strong></h3></td>\n<td>Sustavi koji sintetiziraju odgovore dohvaćanjem relevantnog sadržaja iz vanjskih izvora u trenutku upita — s otvorenog weba ili iz korpusa koji je osigurao korisnik.</td>\n<td>-<br>Perplexity-<br>NotebookLM-<br>Copilot- Bing Chat</td>\n<td>- prozor za upite ili sučelje za<br>pretraživanje- unosom upita ili<br>pitanja- ponekad nakon učitavanja izvora koje je korisnik osigurao</td>\n<td>- moj<br>upit- mehanizam preuzimanja (pretraživanje weba ili korpus dokumenata)<br>- temeljni model sustava</td>\n<td><strong>Generirani sadržaj:</strong><br>- sintetizirani odgovor temeljen na preuzetim<br>izvorima - obično s navodima izvornog materijala</td>\n<td>- putem navedenih izvora ili poveznica, kada su navedeni -<br>za provjeru sinteze u odnosu na izvorne stavke</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<p><em>AI asistenti temeljeni na podacima za obuku sve više uključuju načine dohvaćanja (npr. ChatGPT s internetskom pretragom, Claude s pretragom). Kada su aktivirani, funkcioniraju kao RAG sustavi za taj upit — granica između dviju vrsta ovisi o načinu rada, a ne o proizvodu.</em></p>\n<p>*RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation): metoda koja kombinira generiranje umjetne inteligencije s dohvaćanjem iz definiranog korpusa izvora — sustav sintetički stvara odgovore na temelju dohvaćenog sadržaja, a ne samo na temelju svojih podataka za obuku.</p>","UPDATEDAT":"2026-05-12T21:46:30.915Z","LANG":"hr","ID":"07a4eb25-fb97-4e00-80de-0a402adbd79d","TITLE":"Informacije, izvori i informacijska okruženja","SOURCELANG":"en"}