{"CACHEDAT":"2026-06-04 15:31:17","SLUG":"meta-scientific-literacies-SRY1uVRTrG","MARKDOWN":"# `D1` Open up your mind\n\n## `D1G1` ==Understand how (mis)information reaches people==\n\n### `D1G1O1` Classify information environments through which people encounter (mis)information.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D1G1O1H1` Identify analogue and digital information environments, i.e. places, platforms, media, and situations in which people encounter information that shapes their viewpoints and actions.\n* `D1G1O1H2` Compare ☑ digital information platforms in terms of who can publish content. \n* `D1G1O1H3` Explain factors that make anyone - irrespective of intelligence or education - susceptible to encountering and sharing misinformation.\n\n:::\n\n### `D1G1O2` Explain mechanisms that shape the visibility of (mis)information items in information environments.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D1G1O2H1` Explain the role of ☑ search engine optimisation (SEO) in shaping search results.\n\n\n* `D1G1O2H2` Investigate what determines information visibility in ☑ feeds.\n* `D1G1O2H3` Identify information environments excluded from web crawling.\n\n:::\n\n### `D1G1O3` Trace phenomena of amplification to their underlying mechanisms.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D1G1O3H1` Identify the interplay between hashtag use and social bot activity in a recent case of trending (e.g. #ClimateScam).\n* `D1G1O3H2` Identify the amplification mechanisms behind a documented case of virality (e.g. Ice Bucket Challenge).\n* `D1G1O3H3` Identify the amplification mechanisms behind a documented case of spill-over (e.g. the Bixonimania case).\n\n:::\n\n## `D1G2` ==Check who is behind the information==\n\n### `D1G2O1` Distinguish the primary interests of different source types.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D1G2O1H1` List different ☑ source types.\n\n\n* `D1G2O1H2` Describe the ☑ primary interests of typical authors and publishers in each source type.\n* `D1G2O1H3` Compare ☑ typical communicative intentions across source categories. \n\n:::\n\n### `D1G2O2` Evaluate the source's trustworthiness.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D1G2O2H1` Identify the ☑ author or creator of the information item.\n\n\n* `D1G2O2H2` Classify the source in terms of its ☑ general category.\n* `D1G2O2H3` Identify ☑ pre-publication review practices.\n* `D1G2O2H4` Explain why a professional-looking surface or domain does not indicate trustworthiness.\n* `D1G2O2H5` Evaluate the source's trustworthiness through lateral reading.\n\n:::\n\n## `D1G3` ==Find more than what finds you== \n\n### `D1G3O1` Explain that the information people encounter about an SSI may only show part of the picture.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D1G3O1H1` Describe the effect of algorithmic personalisation on the visibility of information items to individual users.\n\n\n* `D1G3O1H2` Distinguish filter ☑ echo chambers from ☑ filter bubbles.\n* `D1G3O1H3` Discuss the unequal access to digital information that ☑ access barriers create for different population groups. \n\n:::\n\n### `D1G3O2` Detect under-represented source types in selected information environments.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D1G3O2H1` Identify the specific aspect of the SSI to investigate.\n\n\n* `D1G3O2H2` Compare the source types surfaced for the same SSI across different information environments.\n* `D1G3O2H3` Identify source types missing or marginally represented in the surfaced results.\n\n:::\n\n### `D1G3O3` Diversify search strategies across different information environments.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D1G3O3H1` Adapt ☑ search queries to the specific features of the selected information environment.\n* `D1G3O3H2` Refine ☑ search queries based on initial results.\n* `D1G3O3H3` Reformulate queries to reach different types of sources.\n\n:::\n\n## `D1G4` ==Pause before you click==\n\n### `D1G4O1` **Identify features designed to attract attention and prompt engagement.**\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D1G3O1H1` Identify ☑ emotionally charged language in titles, headlines, or snippets.\n\n\n* `D1G3O1H2` Identify mismatches between images and headlines or snippets.\n* `D1G3O1H3` Verify the authenticity and original context of visual content, using cheap and deep fake verification tools and reverse image search.\n\n:::\n\n### `D1G4O2` Identify awareness triggers as cues for caution with information items.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D1G4O2H1` Identify sponsored content markers as awareness triggers for caution with content of potentially non-informational but rather promotional intent.\n\n\n* `D1G4O2H2` Identify „breaking news\" labels as awareness triggers for caution with potentially preliminary information.\n\n\n* `D1G4O2H3` Identify AI summaries as awareness triggers for caution with possible ☑ AI hallucinations.\n\n\n* `D1G4O2H4` Identify personalisation markers (e.g., „For You\", „Top 10\", „Recommended for you\") as awareness triggers for caution with ☑ algorithmically personalised content from a narrowed selection.\n\n:::\n\n### `D1G4O3` Evaluate the relevance of search results or feed posts before engaging with them.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D1G4O3H1` Assess the topical match between a search result or post and the information need.\n\n\n* `D1G4O3H2` Assess the currency and source of a search result or post.\n* `D1G4O3H3` Identify ☑ content formats that prioritise engagement over completeness → clickbait, memes, short formats\n\n:::\n\n# `D2` Be wise & think twice\n\n## `D2G1` ==Skim before you scan==\n\n### `D2G1O1` Assess the relevance of the information item for the SSI investigation.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G1O1H1` Identify mismatches between what the headline, snippet, or thumbnail promised and what the content delivers.\n\n\n* `D2G1O1H2` Read the summary to determine whether the content addresses the specific aspect of the SSI under investigation.\n\n:::\n\n### `D2G1O2` Cross-check the claim.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G1O2H1` Identify the main claim.\n\n\n* `D2G1O2H2` Check whether the main claim has been reviewed on fact-checking websites.\n\n:::\n\n## `D2G2` ==Scan before you trust==\n\n### `D2G2O1` Distinguish between unsupported and justified claims (C vs. CER). \n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G2O2H1` Identify the ☑ evidence or the lack thereof.\n* `D2G2O2H2` Identify the ☑ reasoning or the lack thereof.\n* `D2G2O2H3` Classify the claim as unsupported (C) or justified (CER).\n\n:::\n\n### `D2G2O2` Evaluate the relevance of the evidence in relation to the claim. \n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G2O2H1` Specify the scope and assertion of the claim.\n\n\n* `D2G2O2H2` Assess the topical fit: whether the evidence addresses the same subject matter as the claim.\n* `D2G2O2H3` Assess the scope fit: whether the evidence addresses the same conditions, time frame, or population as the claim.\n* `D2G2O2H4` Assess the logical fit: whether the evidence supports the specific assertion made in the claim.\n* `D2G2O2H5` Assess the temporal fit: whether the evidence is current.\n\n:::\n\n### `D2G2O3` Verify the reliability of the evidence based on scientific knowledge.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G2O3H1` Identify the source of the evidence within the information item.\n\n\n* `D2G2O3H2` Assess the methodological quality of the evidence, e.g. sample size, representativeness, data type, limitations.\n* `D2G2O3H3` Examine whether the data are reported without distortion, omission, or misinterpretation.\n* `D2G2O3H4` Assess whether numerical evidence is contextualised with an appropriate baseline, denominator, or comparison.\n\n:::\n\n### `D2G2O4` Analyse the coherence of the reasoning connecting evidence and claim.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G2O4H1` Specify any assumptions underlying the reasoning.\n\n\n* `D2G2O4H2` Assess whether the reasoning logically connects the evidence to the claim.\n* `D2G2O4H3` Evaluate the overall strength of the argument based on the quality of the supporting evidence and reasoning.\n\n:::\n\n## `D2G3` ==Read between the lines==\n\n### `D2G3O1` Identify misinformation techniques.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G3O1H1` Examine whether the reasoning avoids ☑ logical fallacies.\n\n\n* `D2G3O1H1` Identify fake experts referenced as information sources.\n\n:::\n\n### `D2G3O2` Identify manipulation strategies.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G3O2H1` Identify framing choices, → e.g. which aspects are foregrounded, which are backgrounded, which metaphors structure the message.\n\n\n* `D2G3O2H2` Identify rhetorical devices, → e.g. repetition, parallelism, rhetorical questions, loaded comparisons.\n* `D2G3O2H3` Identify sensational and emotional language, → e.g. superlatives, fear/outrage words, dramatic imagery, urgency cues.\n* `D2G3O2H4` Identify manipulative use of imagery, → e.g. selective framing of photos, emotionally charged images, mismatched illustrations, misleading graphs or charts.\n* `D2G3O2H5` Identify manipulative use of sound, → e.g. dramatic music, emotionally charged voice tone, selective audio cues.\n* `D2G2O1H6` Identify mismatches between textual, visual, and auditory elements within the information item.\n\n:::\n\n### `D2G3O2` Identify deceptive tactics.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G3O2H1` Identify omissions, i.e. relevant information that is left out.\n\n\n* `D2G3O2H2` Identify fabrications, i.e. invented facts, quotes, or data.\n* `D2G3O2H3` Identify misrepresentations, i.e. real facts distorted or taken out of context.\n* `D2G3O2H4` Identify one-sided presentations that are disguised as neutral reporting.\n\n:::\n\n## `D2G4` ==Follow the thread==\n\n### `D2G4O1` Identify the viewpoint of the information item.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G4O1H1` Identify the SSI the information item addresses.\n\n\n* `D2G4O1H2` Identify the viewpoint, whether it is a binary (yes/no) or qualified (with conditions, scope, or limits).\n* `D2G4O1H3` Identify which ☑ perspectives are represented and absent.\n\n:::\n\n### `D2G4O2` **Map the arguments to the viewpoint.**\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G4O2H1` Identify supporting arguments, i.e. arguments that explain why the viewpoint holds.\n* `D2G4O2H2` Identify limiting arguments, i.e. arguments that define when or where the viewpoint does not hold.\n* `D2G4O2H3` Identify weighing arguments, i.e. arguments that justify why one side prevails.\n* `D2G4O2H3` Identify counter-arguments, i.e. arguments against the viewpoint, which presented externally or acknowledged internally within the viewpoint.\n* `D2G4O2H4` Classify the argumentation as linear, dual-perspective, or rebuttal-based.\n\n:::\n\n### `D2G4O3` **Assess the coherence of the overall argumentation.**\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G4O3H1` Assess whether all arguments support the overall viewpoint.\n* `D2G4O3H2` Identify contradictions or logical breaks within the argumentation.\n* `D2G4O3H3` Classify the argumentation as coherent, partially coherent, or incoherent.\n\n:::\n\n\n### `D2G4O4` Analyse information limitations resulting from audience tailoring.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G5O1H1` Infer the likely target audience from the framing and rhetorical devices of the information item.\n* `D2G5O1H2` Assess potential information limitations expected from the inferred audience tailoring.\n\n:::\n\n### `D2G4O5` Identify the purpose and motives behind the information item.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D2G5O2H1` Identify the geographical, cultural, and/or political context in which the information item was created.\n* `D2G5O2H2` Determine the purpose of the information item based on its ☑ source type.\n* `D2G5O2H3` Identify potential motives of the author or distributor, e.g. financial benefit, political gain, reputation, ideological commitment.\n* `D2G5O2H4` Identify who might benefit from the information being believed or spread.\n\n:::\n\n# `D3` Make up your mind \n\n## `D3G1` ==Check the science==\n\n### `D3G1O1` Assess the degree of scientific consensus on empirical claims related to the SSI.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G1O1H1` Distinguish between central superordinate claims and subordinate ones addressing specific aspects.\n* `D3G1O1H2` Compare arguments from multiple scientific sources addressing the same claim.\n* `D3G1O1H3` Determine the degree of expert agreement on each claim.\n* `D3G1O1H4` Classify claims as strongly established, moderately established, or contested.\n\n:::\n\n### `D3G1O2` Analyse the scope of scientific uncertainty on the SSI.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G1O2H1` Summarise the established scientific knowledge on the SSI.\n* `D3G1O2H2` Classify types of uncertainty where data exist but experts disagree, e.g. incomplete data, model limitations, competing interpretations, limited expert discussions.\n* `D3G1O2H3` Identify unresolved questions where data is currently missing.\n* `D3G1O2H4` Explain the effect of uncertainty on the interpretation of evidence.\n\n:::\n\n## `D3G2` ==Map the full picture==\n\n### `D3G2O1` Analyse main drivers behind the SSI.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G2O1H1` Identify the main drivers behind the SSI across the different [☑](https://wiki.scilmi.eu/doc/make-up-your-mind-xWFLDEKwb8#h-checklist) perspectives.\n* `D3G2O1H2` Select the perspectives most relevant for the discussion of this SSI.\n\n:::\n\n### `D3G2O2` Analyse the impacts of the SSI.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G2O2H1` Identify impacts across the relevant perspectives.\n* `D3G2O2H2` Distinguish short-term and long-term impacts.\n* `D3G2O2H3` Distinguish local and global impacts.\n* `D3G2O2H4` Distinguish positive and negative impacts.\n\n:::\n\n### `D3G2O3` Analyse proposed responses to the SSI.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G2O3H1` Identify proposed ☑ policy measures. \n* `D3G2O3H2` Identify technological alternatives.\n* `D3G2O3H3` Identify ☑ nature-based solutions.\n* `D3G2O3H4` Identify proposed behavioural or societal changes.\n* `D3G2O3H5` Compare proposed responses in terms of feasibility. \n\n:::\n\n## `D3G3` ==Trace the viewpoints==\n\n### `D3G3O1` Analyse the controversy and its stakeholders.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G3O1H1` Characterise the nature of the controversy – scientific, ethical, political, economic, cultural, or mixed.\n* `D3G3O1H2` Identify stakeholder groups active in the SSI discourse.\n* `D3G3O1H3` Identify the ☑ perspectives – nature-centred, individual, social, economic, political, or scientific – that each stakeholder group brings into the discourse.\n\n:::\n\n### `D3G3O2` Collect viewpoints on the SSI across stakeholders.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G3O2H1` Identify viewpoints expressed by different stakeholder groups.\n* `D3G3O2H2` Identify evidence-based arguments supporting each viewpoint.\n\n:::\n\n### `D3G1O3` Analyse viewpoints against the scientific knowledge base.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G1O3H1` Identify omissions in how the viewpoints represent established knowledge and uncertainty.\n* `D3G1O3H2` Identify exaggerations in how the viewpoints represent established knowledge and uncertainty.\n* `D3G1O3H3` Assess whether the viewpoints proportionally represent the degree of scientific certainty and uncertainty.\n* `D3G1O3H4` Classify the viewpoints as strongly aligned, partially aligned, or weakly aligned with the current scientific knowledge base.\n\n:::\n\n### `D3G1O4` Analyse the trade-offs between perspectives embodied by each viewpoint.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G1O4H1` Identify the perspectives a viewpoint prioritises – nature-centred, individual, social, economic, political, or scientific.\n* `D3G1O4H2` Identify the perspectives a viewpoint deprioritises or ignores – nature-centred, individual, social, economic, political, or scientific.\n* `D3G1O4H3` Compare how different viewpoints prioritise and deprioritise perspectives differently.\n\n:::\n\n## `D3G4` ==Take your stand==\n\n### `D3G4O1` Clarify your own values and concerns regarding the SSI.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G4O1H1` Identify your personal relation to the SSI. \n* `D3G4O1H2` Identify personal needs and interests that affect your viewpoint. \n* `D3G4O1H3` Identify the values you want to guide your reasoning on this SSI.\n\n:::\n\n### `D3G4O2` **Form your viewpoint by weighing evidence, values, and trade-offs.**\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G4O2H1` Weigh the scientific evidence against your personal needs and interests.\n* `D3G4O2H2` Weigh the trade-offs across the perspectives – nature-centred, individual, social, economic, political, or scientific.\n* `D3G4O2H3` Formulate your viewpoint, whether it is binary (yes/no) or qualified (with conditions, scope, or limits).\n* `D3G4O2H4` Identify the basis of your viewpoint: intuition, critically analysed information, or scientific knowledge.\n* `D3G4O2H5` Acknowledge the resulting quality of your viewpoint: an unexamined opinion, a critically informed viewpoint, or a scientifically substantiated judgement.\n\n:::\n\n### `D3G4O3` Situate your viewpoint within the SSI discourse.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G4O3H1` Identify the alignment of your viewpoint with existing viewpoints.\n* `D3G4O3H2` Identify the representation of your viewpoint in the public discourse.\n* `D3G4O3H3` Review opposing arguments and their evidence.\n\n:::\n\n### `D3G4O4` Reassess your viewpoint when new information or arguments emerge.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D3G4O4H1` Monitor new scientific findings and developments on the SSI. \n* `D3G4O4H2` Revise your viewpoint when the basis for change is strong enough.\n\n:::\n\n# `D4` Speak out & take action\n\n## `D4G1` ==Inform objectively==\n\n### `D4G1O1` Tailor your message to the target audience.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D4G1O1H1` Assess the audience's previous knowledge of the SSI.\n* `D4G2O1H2` Adapt the ☑ content complexity to the audience.\n* `D4G2O1H3` Adapt ☑ linguistic features to the audience.\n* `D4G2O1H4` Adapt ☑ visual features to the audience.\n* `D4G2O1H5` Adapt ☑ auditory features to the audience.\n\n:::\n\n### `D4G1O2` Present opposing viewpoints transparently.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D4G1O2H1` Organise the ☑ arguments and supporting ☑ evidence for each viewpoint.\n* `D4G1O2H2` Report facts and provide context.\n* `D4G1O2H3` Refer to ☑ sources.\n\n:::\n\n## `D4G2` ==Argue persuasively==\n\n### `D4G2O1` Define your message.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D4G2O1H1` Formulate a clear statement on the SSI in a single sentence.\n* `D4G2O1H2` Identify a hook to grab the recipients' attention.\n* `D4G2O1H3` Provide background information on the SSI.\n* `D4G2O1H4` Select arguments that support your message.\n* `D4G2O1H5` Select supporting evidence for each argument.\n* `D4G3O1H6` Build the argumentative chain from evidence via arguments to the message.\n\n:::\n\n### `D4G2O2` Tailor your message to the target audience.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D4G2O2H1` Assess the audience's previous knowledge of the SSI.\n* `D4G2O2H2` Adapt the ☑ content complexity to the audience.\n* `D4G2O2H3` Adapt ☑ linguistic features to the audience.\n* `D4G2O2H4` Adapt ☑ visual features to the audience.\n* `D4G2O2H5` Adapt ☑ auditory features to the audience.\n\n:::\n\n### `D4G2O3` Anticipate feedback and reactions.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D4G2O3H1` Identify likely counter-arguments.\n* `D4G2O3H2` Research evidence and reasoning behind the counter-arguments.\n* `D4G2O3H3` Evaluate their relevance and validity.\n* `D4G2O3H4` Develop responses and alternative arguments.\n\n:::\n\n## `D4G3` ==Build resilience==\n\n### `D4G3O1` Map misinformation circulating about an SSI\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D4G3O1H1` Compile examples of misinformation circulating about the SSI.\n* `D4G3O1H2` Classify each example by claim, format, source, and circulation context.\n* `D4G3O1H3` List the ☑ misinformation techniques, ☑ manipulation strategies, or ☑ deceptive tactics in use. \n* `D4G3O1H4` Analyse the target groups or audiences likely to be reached or affected.\n* `D4G3O1H5` Prioritise examples according to reach, harm, and relevance to the SSI.\n\n:::\n\n### `D4G3O2` Debunk circulating misinformation about an SSI\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D4G3O2H1` Select a specific instance of misinformation to address.\n* `D4G3O2H2` Identify the ☑ misinformation techniques, ☑ manipulation strategies, or ☑ deceptive tactics behind it. \n* `D4G3O2H3` Compile accurate counter-information from verified sources. \n* `D4G3O2H4` Develop a correction exposing the ☑ misinformation techniques, ☑ manipulation strategies, or ☑ deceptive tactics alongside accurate information.\n* `D4G3O2H5` Distribute the correction in an appropriate ☑ information environment.\n\n:::\n\n### `D4G3O3` **Prebunk misinformation strategies related to an SSI**\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D4G3O3H1` Identify target groups and audiences likely to be vulnerable to misinformation about an SSI.\n* `D4G3O3H2` Anticipate ☑ misinformation techniques, ☑ manipulation strategies, or ☑ deceptive tactics these groups are likely to encounter. \n* `D4G3O3H3` Develop forewarning content exposing these strategies. \n* `D4G3O3H4` Adapt the content to different groups of vulnerable audiences.\n* `D4G3O3H5` Distribute the content in appropriate ☑ information environments ahead of likely exposure.\n\n:::\n\n## `D4G4` ==Walk the talk==\n\n### `D4G4O1` **Assess your local community's needs regarding the SSI.**\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D4G4O1H1` Identify SSI-relevant concerns in your local community.\n* `D4G4O1H2` Consult local stakeholders about their information needs.\n* `D4G4O1H3` Identify gaps in local engagement with the SSI.\n* `D4G4O1H4` Prioritise needs by reach or relevance.\n\n:::\n\n### `D4G4O2` Carry out a service-learning project addressing the identified needs.\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D4G4O2H1` Plan an analogue intervention (e.g., workshop, public event, exhibition, citizens' panel).\n* `D4G4O2H2` Coordinate with local partners (e.g., libraries, schools, community organisations, local media).\n* `D4G4O2H3` Implement the project with the community.\n\n:::\n\n### `D4G4O3` **Reflect on the service-learning experience.**\n\n\n:::tip\n* `D4G4O1H1` Document observed responses to the project.\n* `D4G4O1H2` Compare outcomes against the identified needs.\n* `D4G4O1H3` Identify lessons for future engagement.\n* `D4G4O1H4` Share reflections with project partners.\n\n:::","HTML":"

D1Open up your mind

\n

D1G1Understand how (mis)information reaches people

\n

D1G1O1Classify information environments through which people encounter (mis)information.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D1G1O1H1Identify analogue and digital information environments, i.e. places, platforms, media, and situations in which people encounter information that shapes their viewpoints and actions.\n
    • \n
  • D1G1O1H2Compare ☑ digital information platforms in terms of who can publish content. \n
    • \n
  • D1G1O1H3Explain factors that make anyone - irrespective of intelligence or education - susceptible to encountering and sharing misinformation.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D1G1O2Explain mechanisms that shape the visibility of (mis)information items in information environments.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D1G1O2H1Explain the role of ☑ search engine optimisation (SEO) in shaping search results.\n
    • \n
  • D1G1O2H2Investigate what determines information visibility in ☑ feeds.\n
    • \n
  • D1G1O2H3Identify information environments excluded from web crawling.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D1G1O3Trace phenomena of amplification to their underlying mechanisms.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D1G1O3H1Identify the interplay between hashtag use and social bot activity in a recent case of trending (e.g. #ClimateScam).\n
    • \n
  • D1G1O3H2Identify the amplification mechanisms behind a documented case of virality (e.g. Ice Bucket Challenge).\n
    • \n
  • D1G1O3H3Identify the amplification mechanisms behind a documented case of spill-over (e.g. the Bixonimania case).\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D1G2Check who is behind the information

\n

D1G2O1Distinguish the primary interests of different source types.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D1G2O1H1List different ☑ source types.\n
    • \n
  • D1G2O1H2Describe the ☑ primary interests of typical authors and publishers in each source type.\n
    • \n
  • D1G2O1H3Compare ☑ typical communicative intentions across source categories.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D1G2O2Evaluate the source's trustworthiness.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D1G2O2H1Identify the ☑ author or creator of the information item.\n
    • \n
  • D1G2O2H2Classify the source in terms of its ☑ general category.\n
    • \n
  • D1G2O2H3Identify ☑ pre-publication review practices.\n
    • \n
  • D1G2O2H4Explain why a professional-looking surface or domain does not indicate trustworthiness.\n
    • \n
  • D1G2O2H5Evaluate the source's trustworthiness through lateral reading.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D1G3Find more than what finds you

\n

D1G3O1Explain that the information people encounter about an SSI may only show part of the picture.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D1G3O1H1Describe the effect of algorithmic personalisation on the visibility of information items to individual users.\n
    • \n
  • D1G3O1H2Distinguish filter ☑ echo chambers from ☑ filter bubbles.\n
    • \n
  • D1G3O1H3Discuss the unequal access to digital information that ☑ access barriers create for different population groups.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D1G3O2Detect under-represented source types in selected information environments.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D1G3O2H1Identify the specific aspect of the SSI to investigate.\n
    • \n
  • D1G3O2H2Compare the source types surfaced for the same SSI across different information environments.\n
    • \n
  • D1G3O2H3Identify source types missing or marginally represented in the surfaced results.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D1G3O3Diversify search strategies across different information environments.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D1G3O3H1Adapt ☑ search queries to the specific features of the selected information environment.\n
    • \n
  • D1G3O3H2 Refine ☑ search queries based on initial results.\n
    • \n
  • D1G3O3H3 Reformulate queries to reach different types of sources.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D1G4 Pause before you click

\n

D1G4O1Identify features designed to attract attention and prompt engagement.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D1G3O1H1Identify ☑ emotionally charged language in titles, headlines, or snippets.\n
    • \n
  • D1G3O1H2Identify mismatches between images and headlines or snippets.\n
    • \n
  • D1G3O1H3Verify the authenticity and original context of visual content, using cheap and deep fake verification tools and reverse image search.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D1G4O2Identify awareness triggers as cues for caution with information items.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D1G4O2H1Identify sponsored content markers as awareness triggers for caution with content of potentially non-informational but rather promotional intent.\n
    • \n
  • D1G4O2H2Identify „breaking news" labels as awareness triggers for caution with potentially preliminary information.\n
    • \n
  • D1G4O2H3Identify AI summaries as awareness triggers for caution with possible ☑ AI hallucinations.\n
    • \n
  • D1G4O2H4Identify personalisation markers (e.g., „For You", „Top 10", „Recommended for you") as awareness triggers for caution with ☑ algorithmically personalised content from a narrowed selection.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D1G4O3Evaluate the relevance of search results or feed posts before engaging with them.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D1G4O3H1Assess the topical match between a search result or post and the information need.\n
    • \n
  • D1G4O3H2Assess the currency and source of a search result or post.\n
    • \n
  • D1G4O3H3Identify ☑ content formats that prioritise engagement over completeness → clickbait, memes, short formats\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2Be wise & think twice

\n

D2G1 Skim before you scan

\n

D2G1O1Assess the relevance of the information item for the SSI investigation.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G1O1H1Identify mismatches between what the headline, snippet, or thumbnail promised and what the content delivers.\n
    • \n
  • D2G1O1H2Read the summary to determine whether the content addresses the specific aspect of the SSI under investigation.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G1O2Cross-check the claim.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G1O2H1Identify the main claim.\n
    • \n
  • D2G1O2H2Check whether the main claim has been reviewed on fact-checking websites.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G2 Scan before you trust

\n

D2G2O1Distinguish between unsupported and justified claims (C vs. CER).

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G2O2H1Identify the ☑ evidence or the lack thereof.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O2H2Identify the ☑ reasoning or the lack thereof.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O2H3Classify the claim as unsupported (C) or justified (CER).\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G2O2Evaluate the relevance of the evidence in relation to the claim.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G2O2H1Specify the scope and assertion of the claim.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O2H2Assess the topical fit: whether the evidence addresses the same subject matter as the claim.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O2H3Assess the scope fit: whether the evidence addresses the same conditions, time frame, or population as the claim.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O2H4Assess the logical fit: whether the evidence supports the specific assertion made in the claim.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O2H5Assess the temporal fit: whether the evidence is current.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G2O3Verify the reliability of the evidence based on scientific knowledge.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G2O3H1Identify the source of the evidence within the information item.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O3H2Assess the methodological quality of the evidence, e.g. sample size, representativeness, data type, limitations.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O3H3Examine whether the data are reported without distortion, omission, or misinterpretation.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O3H4Assess whether numerical evidence is contextualised with an appropriate baseline, denominator, or comparison.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G2O4Analyse the coherence of the reasoning connecting evidence and claim.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G2O4H1 Specify any assumptions underlying the reasoning.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O4H2 Assess whether the reasoning logically connects the evidence to the claim.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O4H3 Evaluate the overall strength of the argument based on the quality of the supporting evidence and reasoning.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G3Read between the lines

\n

D2G3O1Identify misinformation techniques.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G3O1H1Examine whether the reasoning avoids ☑ logical fallacies.\n
    • \n
  • D2G3O1H1Identify fake experts referenced as information sources.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G3O2Identify manipulation strategies.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G3O2H1Identify framing choices, → e.g. which aspects are foregrounded, which are backgrounded, which metaphors structure the message.\n
    • \n
  • D2G3O2H2Identify rhetorical devices, → e.g. repetition, parallelism, rhetorical questions, loaded comparisons.\n
    • \n
  • D2G3O2H3Identify sensational and emotional language, → e.g. superlatives, fear/outrage words, dramatic imagery, urgency cues.\n
    • \n
  • D2G3O2H4Identify manipulative use of imagery, → e.g. selective framing of photos, emotionally charged images, mismatched illustrations, misleading graphs or charts.\n
    • \n
  • D2G3O2H5Identify manipulative use of sound, → e.g. dramatic music, emotionally charged voice tone, selective audio cues.\n
    • \n
  • D2G2O1H6Identify mismatches between textual, visual, and auditory elements within the information item.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G3O2Identify deceptive tactics.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G3O2H1 Identify omissions, i.e. relevant information that is left out.\n
    • \n
  • D2G3O2H2 Identify fabrications, i.e. invented facts, quotes, or data.\n
    • \n
  • D2G3O2H3 Identify misrepresentations, i.e. real facts distorted or taken out of context.\n
    • \n
  • D2G3O2H4 Identify one-sided presentations that are disguised as neutral reporting.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G4 Follow the thread

\n

D2G4O1Identify the viewpoint of the information item.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G4O1H1Identify the SSI the information item addresses.\n
    • \n
  • D2G4O1H2Identify the viewpoint, whether it is a binary (yes/no) or qualified (with conditions, scope, or limits).\n
    • \n
  • D2G4O1H3Identify which ☑ perspectives are represented and absent.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G4O2Map the arguments to the viewpoint.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G4O2H1Identify supporting arguments, i.e. arguments that explain why the viewpoint holds.\n
    • \n
  • D2G4O2H2Identify limiting arguments, i.e. arguments that define when or where the viewpoint does not hold.\n
    • \n
  • D2G4O2H3Identify weighing arguments, i.e. arguments that justify why one side prevails.\n
    • \n
  • D2G4O2H3Identify counter-arguments, i.e. arguments against the viewpoint, which presented externally or acknowledged internally within the viewpoint.\n
    • \n
  • D2G4O2H4Classify the argumentation as linear, dual-perspective, or rebuttal-based.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G4O3Assess the coherence of the overall argumentation.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G4O3H1Assess whether all arguments support the overall viewpoint.\n
    • \n
  • D2G4O3H2Identify contradictions or logical breaks within the argumentation.\n
    • \n
  • D2G4O3H3Classify the argumentation as coherent, partially coherent, or incoherent.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G4O4Analyse information limitations resulting from audience tailoring.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G5O1H1Infer the likely target audience from the framing and rhetorical devices of the information item.\n
    • \n
  • D2G5O1H2Assess potential information limitations expected from the inferred audience tailoring.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D2G4O5Identify the purpose and motives behind the information item.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D2G5O2H1Identify the geographical, cultural, and/or political context in which the information item was created.\n
    • \n
  • D2G5O2H2Determine the purpose of the information item based on its ☑ source type.\n
    • \n
  • D2G5O2H3Identify potential motives of the author or distributor, e.g. financial benefit, political gain, reputation, ideological commitment.\n
    • \n
  • D2G5O2H4Identify who might benefit from the information being believed or spread.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3Make up your mind

\n

D3G1 Check the science

\n

D3G1O1Assess the degree of scientific consensus on empirical claims related to the SSI.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G1O1H1Distinguish between central superordinate claims and subordinate ones addressing specific aspects.\n
    • \n
  • D3G1O1H2Compare arguments from multiple scientific sources addressing the same claim.\n
    • \n
  • D3G1O1H3Determine the degree of expert agreement on each claim.\n
    • \n
  • D3G1O1H4Classify claims as strongly established, moderately established, or contested.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G1O2Analyse the scope of scientific uncertainty on the SSI.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G1O2H1Summarise the established scientific knowledge on the SSI.\n
    • \n
  • D3G1O2H2Classify types of uncertainty where data exist but experts disagree, e.g. incomplete data, model limitations, competing interpretations, limited expert discussions.\n
    • \n
  • D3G1O2H3Identify unresolved questions where data is currently missing.\n
    • \n
  • D3G1O2H4Explain the effect of uncertainty on the interpretation of evidence.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G2Map the full picture

\n

D3G2O1Analyse main drivers behind the SSI.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G2O1H1Identify the main drivers behind the SSI across the different ☑ perspectives.\n
    • \n
  • D3G2O1H2Select the perspectives most relevant for the discussion of this SSI.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G2O2Analyse the impacts of the SSI.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G2O2H1 Identify impacts across the relevant perspectives.\n
    • \n
  • D3G2O2H2 Distinguish short-term and long-term impacts.\n
    • \n
  • D3G2O2H3Distinguish local and global impacts.\n
    • \n
  • D3G2O2H4Distinguish positive and negative impacts.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G2O3Analyse proposed responses to the SSI.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G2O3H1Identify proposed ☑ policy measures.\n
    • \n
  • D3G2O3H2Identify technological alternatives.\n
    • \n
  • D3G2O3H3Identify ☑ nature-based solutions.\n
    • \n
  • D3G2O3H4Identify proposed behavioural or societal changes.\n
    • \n
  • D3G2O3H5Compare proposed responses in terms of feasibility.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G3Trace the viewpoints

\n

D3G3O1Analyse the controversy and its stakeholders.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G3O1H1 Characterise the nature of the controversy – scientific, ethical, political, economic, cultural, or mixed.\n
    • \n
  • D3G3O1H2 Identify stakeholder groups active in the SSI discourse.\n
    • \n
  • D3G3O1H3 Identify the ☑ perspectives – nature-centred, individual, social, economic, political, or scientific – that each stakeholder group brings into the discourse.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G3O2Collect viewpoints on the SSI across stakeholders.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G3O2H1 Identify viewpoints expressed by different stakeholder groups.\n
    • \n
  • D3G3O2H2 Identify evidence-based arguments supporting each viewpoint.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G1O3Analyse viewpoints against the scientific knowledge base.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G1O3H1Identify omissions in how the viewpoints represent established knowledge and uncertainty.\n
    • \n
  • D3G1O3H2Identify exaggerations in how the viewpoints represent established knowledge and uncertainty.\n
    • \n
  • D3G1O3H3Assess whether the viewpoints proportionally represent the degree of scientific certainty and uncertainty.\n
    • \n
  • D3G1O3H4Classify the viewpoints as strongly aligned, partially aligned, or weakly aligned with the current scientific knowledge base.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G1O4Analyse the trade-offs between perspectives embodied by each viewpoint.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G1O4H1Identify the perspectives a viewpoint prioritises – nature-centred, individual, social, economic, political, or scientific.\n
    • \n
  • D3G1O4H2Identify the perspectives a viewpoint deprioritises or ignores – nature-centred, individual, social, economic, political, or scientific.\n
    • \n
  • D3G1O4H3Compare how different viewpoints prioritise and deprioritise perspectives differently.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G4Take your stand

\n

D3G4O1Clarify your own values and concerns regarding the SSI.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G4O1H1Identify your personal relation to the SSI.\n
    • \n
  • D3G4O1H2Identify personal needs and interests that affect your viewpoint.\n
    • \n
  • D3G4O1H3Identify the values you want to guide your reasoning on this SSI.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G4O2Form your viewpoint by weighing evidence, values, and trade-offs.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G4O2H1Weigh the scientific evidence against your personal needs and interests.\n
    • \n
  • D3G4O2H2Weigh the trade-offs across the perspectives – nature-centred, individual, social, economic, political, or scientific.\n
    • \n
  • D3G4O2H3Formulate your viewpoint, whether it is binary (yes/no) or qualified (with conditions, scope, or limits).\n
    • \n
  • D3G4O2H4Identify the basis of your viewpoint: intuition, critically analysed information, or scientific knowledge.\n
    • \n
  • D3G4O2H5Acknowledge the resulting quality of your viewpoint: an unexamined opinion, a critically informed viewpoint, or a scientifically substantiated judgement.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G4O3Situate your viewpoint within the SSI discourse.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G4O3H1Identify the alignment of your viewpoint with existing viewpoints.\n
    • \n
  • D3G4O3H2Identify the representation of your viewpoint in the public discourse.\n
    • \n
  • D3G4O3H3Review opposing arguments and their evidence.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D3G4O4Reassess your viewpoint when new information or arguments emerge.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D3G4O4H1Monitor new scientific findings and developments on the SSI.\n
    • \n
  • D3G4O4H2Revise your viewpoint when the basis for change is strong enough.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D4Speak out & take action

\n

D4G1Inform objectively

\n

D4G1O1Tailor your message to the target audience.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D4G1O1H1Assess the audience's previous knowledge of the SSI.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O1H2Adapt the ☑ content complexity to the audience.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O1H3Adapt ☑ linguistic features to the audience.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O1H4Adapt ☑ visual features to the audience.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O1H5Adapt ☑ auditory features to the audience.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D4G1O2Present opposing viewpoints transparently.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D4G1O2H1Organise the ☑ arguments and supporting ☑ evidence for each viewpoint.\n
    • \n
  • D4G1O2H2Report facts and provide context.\n
    • \n
  • D4G1O2H3Refer to ☑ sources.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D4G2Argue persuasively

\n

D4G2O1Define your message.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D4G2O1H1Formulate a clear statement on the SSI in a single sentence.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O1H2Identify a hook to grab the recipients' attention.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O1H3Provide background information on the SSI.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O1H4Select arguments that support your message.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O1H5Select supporting evidence for each argument.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O1H6Build the argumentative chain from evidence via arguments to the message.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D4G2O2Tailor your message to the target audience.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D4G2O2H1Assess the audience's previous knowledge of the SSI.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O2H2Adapt the ☑ content complexity to the audience.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O2H3Adapt ☑ linguistic features to the audience.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O2H4Adapt ☑ visual features to the audience.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O2H5Adapt ☑ auditory features to the audience.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D4G2O3Anticipate feedback and reactions.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D4G2O3H1Identify likely counter-arguments.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O3H2Research evidence and reasoning behind the counter-arguments.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O3H3Evaluate their relevance and validity.\n
    • \n
  • D4G2O3H4Develop responses and alternative arguments.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D4G3Build resilience

\n

D4G3O1Map misinformation circulating about an SSI

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D4G3O1H1Compile examples of misinformation circulating about the SSI.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O1H2Classify each example by claim, format, source, and circulation context.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O1H3List the ☑ misinformation techniques, ☑ manipulation strategies, or ☑ deceptive tactics in use.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O1H4Analyse the target groups or audiences likely to be reached or affected.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O1H5Prioritise examples according to reach, harm, and relevance to the SSI.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D4G3O2Debunk circulating misinformation about an SSI

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D4G3O2H1Select a specific instance of misinformation to address.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O2H2Identify the ☑ misinformation techniques, ☑ manipulation strategies, or ☑ deceptive tactics behind it.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O2H3Compile accurate counter-information from verified sources.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O2H4Develop a correction exposing the ☑ misinformation techniques, ☑ manipulation strategies, or ☑ deceptive tactics alongside accurate information.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O2H5Distribute the correction in an appropriate ☑ information environment.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D4G3O3Prebunk misinformation strategies related to an SSI

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D4G3O3H1Identify target groups and audiences likely to be vulnerable to misinformation about an SSI.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O3H2Anticipate ☑ misinformation techniques, ☑ manipulation strategies, or ☑ deceptive tactics these groups are likely to encounter.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O3H3Develop forewarning content exposing these strategies.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O3H4Adapt the content to different groups of vulnerable audiences.\n
    • \n
  • D4G3O3H5Distribute the content in appropriate ☑ information environments ahead of likely exposure.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D4G4Walk the talk

\n

D4G4O1Assess your local community's needs regarding the SSI.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D4G4O1H1Identify SSI-relevant concerns in your local community.\n
    • \n
  • D4G4O1H2Consult local stakeholders about their information needs.\n
    • \n
  • D4G4O1H3Identify gaps in local engagement with the SSI.\n
    • \n
  • D4G4O1H4Prioritise needs by reach or relevance.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D4G4O2Carry out a service-learning project addressing the identified needs.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D4G4O2H1Plan an analogue intervention (e.g., workshop, public event, exhibition, citizens' panel).\n
    • \n
  • D4G4O2H2Coordinate with local partners (e.g., libraries, schools, community organisations, local media).\n
    • \n
  • D4G4O2H3Implement the project with the community.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

D4G4O3Reflect on the service-learning experience.

\n
\n
\n\n
    \n
  • D4G4O1H1Document observed responses to the project.\n
    • \n
  • D4G4O1H2Compare outcomes against the identified needs.\n
    • \n
  • D4G4O1H3Identify lessons for future engagement.\n
    • \n
  • D4G4O1H4Share reflections with project partners.\n
    • \n
\n
\n
","UPDATEDAT":"2026-05-27T14:28:17.730Z","ID":"5acd6b85-900d-4dd2-adbb-8182201cbe19","TITLE":"Meta-Scientific Literacies"}